Vocabulary

  • in summary: Briefly stating or reviewing main points.
  • such as: For example; like
  • from now on: Starting at this moment and continuing indefinitely into the future.
  • think of: To look on as (being something specific); consider
  • based on: To use something as the foundation or starting point for something else.
  • in the rough: In an area of longer grass on a golf course, off the fairway.
  • think about: To consider something carefully.
  • outside of: Located or situated beyond the boundaries or confines of something.
  • break down: To forcibly break, destroy or make collapse
  • move along: To make progress; advance.
  • on to: Toward something; forward
  • move on: To decide to change or go to a different place
  • for example: As an illustration or instance.
  • stuff: Generic description for things, materials, objects
  • crucial: Extremely important or necessary
  • essentially: Basically; (said when stating the basic facts)
  • recognize: To accept the truth or reality of something
  • critical: Making a negative judgment of something
  • metabolism: Chemical processes to convert food to energy
  • properly: In an appropriate or correct manner
  • physical: Health check at the doctors' or hospital
  • cholesterol: Substance in the body that may cause heart disease
  • proper: Correct according to social or moral rules
  • protein: Group of molecules made from amino acids
  • quality: Feature associated with someone or something
  • divide: To split numbers by another number, e.g. 6 / 2 = 3
  • concentration: Amount or number of something in a thing or place
  • function: Social event, or party such as a wedding
  • mention: To refer to or talk or write about something
  • direct: To tell someone in a very clear way to do something
  • glucose: Natural type of sugar found in fruits and plants
  • recognition: Accepting that something is true or that it exists
  • appearance: The way a person looks to others
  • rough: Causing or involving violence, force, and harm
  • contact: Touching or feeling something
  • create: To make, cause, or bring into existence
  • halt: To stop, or cause something, e.g. a car, to stop
  • contraction: Process of becoming smaller in length/size
  • calcium: A substance important for making bones and teeth
  • apparatus: Tools or instruments used for a specific activity
  • carbohydrate: Substance providing energy in foods (rice, bread)
  • fold: To bend one part of something against another
  • receive: To get something someone has given or sent to you
  • formation: Process of creating; making a particular shape
  • important: Having power or authority
  • control: A device designed to operate a machine
  • system: Set of organized, planned ideas that work together
  • allow: To admit the validity or truth of something
  • membrane: Outside covering of a cell
  • liver: Organ from animals served as food
  • modify: To make minor change to something
  • receptor: A nerve ending that changes stimuli into impulses
  • grow: To get bigger and more mature; make plants do this
  • cellular: Concerning a cell of a living thing
  • make: To arrange or prepare something e.g. dinner
  • include: To make someone, something part of a group
  • summary: Brief, complete and accurate
  • nucleus: Center of an atom
  • finally: used especially at the beginning of a sentence to introduce the last point or idea
  • abnormal: Not normal, not typical, not usual, not regular
  • plasma: Substance in which the blood cells are carried
  • secrete: To hide something so it will not be seen or found
  • defective: Having a defect; faulty
  • think: To have an idea about something without certainty
  • fuse: Device connected to and making a bomb explode
  • check: Paper showing how much you owe at a restaurant
  • envelope: Paper cover you put around a letter to mail it
  • degradation: Reduction in quality or character
  • bud: Small part of a plant that will be a flower
  • amino: Of some substances that form proteins
  • post: To send a letter or package using stamps
  • give: Degree of flexibility in something, a material
  • synthesize: To combine different things into a new form
  • close: Almost; near
  • synthesis: Process of making something new out of other ones
  • steroid: Drug making muscles bigger and giving more energy
  • pancreatic: Do with the long gland, that is behind the stomach
  • peptide: Amide derived from two or more amino acids
  • endoplasmic: Inner portion of the cytoplasm of a cell
  • vesicle: Small bladder-like structure in the body
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  • not found vocabularyNo vocabulary matches your filters
    • abnormal

      US /æbˈnɔ:rml/

      UK /æbˈnɔ:ml/

      • Adjective
      • Not normal, not typical, not usual, not regular
      • Relating to behavior that deviates from the norm.
      B1
      More
    • amino

      US /ə'miːnəʊ/

      UK /ə'miːnəʊ/

      • Noun
      • Of some substances that form proteins
      C2
      More
    • apparatus

      US /ˌæpəˈretəs, -ˈrætəs/

      UK /ˌæpə'reɪtəs/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Tools or instruments used for a specific activity
      B1TOEIC
      More
    • appearance

      US /əˈpɪrəns/

      UK /əˈpɪərəns/

      • Noun
      • The way a person looks to others
      • The way that something looks
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • based on

      US

      UK

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To use something as the foundation or starting point for something else.
      • Preposition
      • Using something as the main idea or foundation.
      • Relying on something as evidence or justification.
      A1
      More
    • break down

      US /brek daʊn/

      UK /breik daun/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To forcibly break, destroy or make collapse
      • (Machine) to stop working or become weaker
      A1
      More
    • bud

      US /bʌd/

      UK /bʌd/

      • Noun
      • Small part of a plant that will be a flower
      B2
      More
    • calcium

      US /ˈkælsiəm/

      UK /'kælsɪəm/

      • Uncountable Noun
      • A substance important for making bones and teeth
      • A substance containing calcium, taken to improve health.
      C2
      More
    • carbohydrate

      US /ˌkɑrboˈhaɪˌdret/

      UK /ˌkɑ:bəʊˈhaɪdreɪt/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Substance providing energy in foods (rice, bread)
      • Any of a large group of organic compounds occurring in foods and living tissues and including sugars, starch, and cellulose. They contain hydrogen and oxygen in the same ratio as water (2:1) and typically can be broken down to release energy in the animal
      B2
      More
    • cellular

      US /ˈsɛljəlɚ/

      UK /'seljələ(r)/

      • Adjective
      • Concerning a cell of a living thing
      • (Of radio signals) functioning without wires
      B2
      More
    • cholesterol

      US /kəˈlestərɔ:l/

      UK /kəˈlestərɒl/

      • Uncountable Noun
      • Substance in the body that may cause heart disease
      • Noun
      • A test to measure the amount of cholesterol in your blood.
      B2
      More
    • concentration

      US /ˌkɑ:nsnˈtreɪʃn/

      UK /ˌkɒnsnˈtreɪʃn/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Amount or number of something in a thing or place
      • Paying (a lot of) attention to a task
      A2
      More
    • contact

      US /ˈkɑnˌtækt/

      UK /'kɒntækt/

      • Adjective
      • Touching or feeling something
      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Touching or feeling something
      • Object that allows electricity to run through it
      A2
      More
    • contraction

      US /kənˈtrækʃən/

      UK /kənˈtrækʃn/

      • Uncountable Noun
      • Process of becoming smaller in length/size
      • Involuntary, often painful tightening of a muscle
      B2
      More
    • critical

      US /ˈkrɪtɪkəl/

      UK /ˈkrɪtɪkl/

      • Adjective
      • Making a negative judgment of something
      • Being important or serious; vital; dangerous
      A2
      More
    • crucial

      US /ˈkruʃəl/

      UK /'kru:ʃl/

      • Adjective
      • Extremely important or necessary
      • Of great importance to the success of something.
      B1
      More
    • defective

      US /dɪˈfɛktɪv/

      UK /dɪˈfektɪv/

      • Adjective
      • Having a defect; faulty
      • Noun
      • A person with a mental or physical disability (offensive, archaic).
      B1
      More
    • degradation

      US /ˌdɛɡrəˈdeʃən/

      UK /ˌdegrəˈdeɪʃn/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Reduction in quality or character
      • The act of treating someone poorly and without respect.
      B2
      More
    • direct

      US /dɪˈrɛkt, daɪ-/

      UK /də'rekt/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To tell someone in a very clear way to do something
      • To show the way by conducting or leading
      • Adverb
      • Coming straight from something
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • divide

      US /dɪˈvaɪd/

      UK /dɪ'vaɪd/

      • Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
      • To split numbers by another number, e.g. 6 / 2 = 3
      • To separate something into equal pieces
      • Noun
      • A separation or distinction.
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • endoplasmic

      US /ˌendə'plazmɪk/

      UK /ˌendə'plazmɪk/

      • Adjective
      • Inner portion of the cytoplasm of a cell
      C2
      More
    • envelope

      US /ˈenvəloʊp/

      UK /ˈenvələʊp/

      • Countable Noun
      • Paper cover you put around a letter to mail it
      • A container for data in computing.
      B1
      More
    • essentially

      US /ɪˈsenʃəli/

      UK /ɪˈsenʃəli/

      • Adverb
      • Basically; (said when stating the basic facts)
      • Used to emphasize the basic truth or fact of a situation.
      A2
      More
    • fold

      US /fold/

      UK /fəʊld/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To bend one part of something against another
      • (Of business) to fail or close down
      • Countable Noun
      • Pen where sheep are kept
      • Group of people who have a common belief
      B1TOEIC
      More
    • for example

      US

      UK

      • Phrase
      • As an illustration or instance.
      More
    • formation

      US /fɔ:rˈmeɪʃn/

      UK /fɔ:ˈmeɪʃn/

      • Noun
      • Process of creating; making a particular shape
      B1
      More
    • from now on

      US /frʌm naʊ ɑn/

      UK /frɔm nau ɔn/

      • Phrase
      • Starting at this moment and continuing indefinitely into the future.
      A1
      More
    • function

      US /ˈfʌŋkʃən/

      UK /'fʌŋkʃn/

      • Noun
      • Social event, or party such as a wedding
      • Mathematical operation used in calculations
      • Intransitive Verb
      • To serve a certain purpose or role
      • To be operating, working or achieving its purpose
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • fuse

      US /fjuz/

      UK /fju:z/

      • Noun
      • Device connected to and making a bomb explode
      • Electrical safety device
      • Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
      • (Metal) to become one through heat contact
      • To become combined; unite.
      B2
      More
    • glucose

      US /ˈɡluˌkos/

      UK /'ɡlu:kəʊs/

      • Uncountable Noun
      • Natural type of sugar found in fruits and plants
      • The concentration of glucose in the blood, often measured to monitor metabolic health.
      C1
      More
    • halt

      US /hɔlt/

      UK /hɔ:lt/

      • Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
      • To stop, or cause something, e.g. a car, to stop
      • Noun
      • A temporary or final stop.
      B1TOEIC
      More
    • in summary

      US /ɪn ˈsʌməri/

      UK /in ˈsʌməri/

      • Phrase
      • Briefly stating or reviewing main points.
      B2
      More
    • in the rough

      US /ɪn ðə ˈrʌf/

      UK /in ðə ˈrʌf/

      • other
      • In an area of longer grass on a golf course, off the fairway.
      • other
      • Not yet refined, unpolished or undeveloped.
      B2
      More
    • liver

      US /ˈlɪvɚ/

      UK /ˈlɪvə(r)/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Organ from animals served as food
      • Organ that absorbs food and cleans the blood
      B1
      More
    • membrane

      US /ˈmɛmˌbren/

      UK /'membreɪn/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Outside covering of a cell
      • A thin covering of tissue or of a cell
      B2
      More
    • mention

      US /ˈmɛnʃən/

      UK /'menʃn/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To refer to or talk or write about something
      • Uncountable Noun
      • Act of referring to or talking about something
      • A formal acknowledgement of something
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • metabolism

      US /mɪˈtæbəˌlɪzəm/

      UK /məˈtæbəlɪzəm/

      • Uncountable Noun
      • Chemical processes to convert food to energy
      • The rate at which the body uses energy.
      B2
      More
    • modify

      US /ˈmɑ:dɪfaɪ/

      UK /ˈmɒdɪfaɪ/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To make minor change to something
      B1
      More
    • move along

      US /muv əˈlɔŋ/

      UK /mu:v əˈlɔŋ/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To make progress; advance.
      • To tell someone to leave or keep moving.
      B1
      More
    • move on

      US /muv ɑn/

      UK /mu:v ɔn/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To decide to change or go to a different place
      • To start talking about something different.
      A1
      More
    • nucleus

      US /ˈnu:kliəs/

      UK /ˈnju:kliəs/

      • Noun
      • Center of an atom
      • Control center of a cell
      B2
      More
    • on to

      US /ɑn tu/

      UK /ɔn tu:/

      • Preposition
      • Toward something; forward
      • Aware of someone's activities.
      • Adjective
      • Aware of someone's deception or illegal activities.
      A1
      More
    • outside of

      US /aʊtˈsaɪd ʌv/

      UK /ˌautˈsaid ɔv/

      • Preposition
      • Located or situated beyond the boundaries or confines of something.
      • Beyond the scope, range, or limits of something.
      A1
      More
    • pancreatic

      US /ˌpæŋkrɪ'ætɪk/

      UK /ˌpæŋkrɪ'ætɪk/

      • Adjective
      • Do with the long gland, that is behind the stomach
      C2
      More
    • peptide

      US /ˈpɛpˌtaɪd/

      UK /ˈpeptaɪd/

      • Noun
      • Amide derived from two or more amino acids
      C1
      More
    • physical

      US /ˈfɪzɪkəl/

      UK /ˈfɪzɪkl/

      • Countable Noun
      • Health check at the doctors' or hospital
      • Adjective
      • Concerning the body of a person
      • Concerning things that can be seen or touched
      A2
      More
    • plasma

      US /ˈplæzmə/

      UK /ˈplæzmə/

      • Uncountable Noun
      • Substance in which the blood cells are carried
      • Gas-like substance with little electric charge
      B2
      More
    • proper

      US /ˈprɑpɚ/

      UK /'prɒpə(r)/

      • Adjective
      • Correct according to social or moral rules
      • Behaving in a polite and socially acceptable way.
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • properly

      US /ˈprɑːpərli/

      UK /ˈprɔpəlɪ/

      • Adverb
      • In an appropriate or correct manner
      • In a way that is suitable or appropriate.
      A2
      More
    • protein

      US /ˈprəʊˌtiːn/

      UK /ˈprəʊti:n/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Group of molecules made from amino acids
      B1
      More
    • quality

      US /ˈkwɑlɪti/

      UK /'kwɒlətɪ/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Feature associated with someone or something
      • High level of worth or excellence
      • Adjective
      • Of a high standard
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • receptor

      US /rɪˈseptər /

      UK /rɪˈseptə(r)/

      • Noun
      • A nerve ending that changes stimuli into impulses
      B2
      More
    • recognition

      US /ˌrɛkəɡˈnɪʃən/

      UK /ˌrekəgˈnɪʃn/

      • Uncountable Noun
      • Accepting that something is true or that it exists
      • Considering something as important or special
      B1TOEIC
      More
    • recognize

      US /ˈrek.əɡ.naɪz/

      UK /ˈrek.əɡ.naɪz/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To accept the truth or reality of something
      • To consider something as important or special
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • rough

      US /rʌf/

      UK /rʌf/

      • Adjective
      • Causing or involving violence, force, and harm
      • (Of situations) tough; difficult to get through
      • Adverb
      • In a manner that is difficult, or violent
      A2
      More
    • secrete

      US /sɪˈkrit/

      UK /sɪ'kri:t/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To hide something so it will not be seen or found
      • To produce a liquid from a bodily organ
      B1
      More
    • steroid

      US /ˈstɪrˌɔɪd, ˈstɛr-/

      UK /ˈsterɔɪd/

      • Noun
      • Drug making muscles bigger and giving more energy
      B2
      More
    • stuff

      US /stʌf/

      UK /stʌf/

      • Uncountable Noun
      • Generic description for things, materials, objects
      • Transitive Verb
      • To push material inside something, with force
      B1
      More
    • such as

      US /sʌtʃ æz/

      UK /sʌtʃ æz/

      • Preposition
      • For example; like
      A1
      More
    • summary

      US /ˈsʌməri/

      UK /ˈsʌməri/

      • Adjective
      • Brief, complete and accurate
      • Noun
      • Shorter statement of the most important parts
      B1
      More
    • synthesis

      US /ˈsɪnθɪsɪs/

      UK /ˈsɪnθəsɪs/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Process of making something new out of other ones
      • Building something complex from simple parts
      B2TOEIC
      More
    • synthesize

      US /ˈsɪnθɪˌsaɪz/

      UK /'sɪnθəsaɪz/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To combine different things into a new form
      • To combine different things into a new form
      B2
      More
    • think about

      US /θɪŋk əˈbaʊt/

      UK /θiŋk əˈbaut/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To consider something carefully.
      • To remember or call to mind.
      A1
      More
    • think of

      US /θɪŋk ʌv/

      UK /θiŋk ɔv/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To look on as (being something specific); consider
      • To consider or remember something.
      • Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
      • To imagine or call something to mind
      A1
      More
    • vesicle

      US /ˈvɛsɪkəl/

      UK /ˈvesɪkl/

      • Noun
      • Small bladder-like structure in the body
      C2
      More
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    01:03

    She took a brave step forward, leaving behind her comfort zone to chase her dreams.

    Vocabulary
    • brave

      adj. Having courage

    • comfort zone

      phr. A familiar situation where one feels safe

    Explanation
    a brave step is a noun phrase, where brave is an adjective modifying the noun step, meaning "a courageous step". forward is an adverb modifying step, meaning "ahead". The whole phrase serves as the object, answering the "what" of took (verb) — she took a brave step forward.

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    brave

    US/brev/
    UK/breɪv/
    adj.Brave
    v.t.To bravely face
    A2 Elementary

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    B2
    #rough#smooth#apparatus#protein#synthesis#membrane

    Endoplasmic Reticulum

    0
    林宜悉 posted on 2026/09/11
    Ever wondered about the cell's powerhouse for protein and lipid production? This video dives deep into the endoplasmic reticulum, explaining the distinct roles of the rough ER in protein synthesis and folding, and the smooth ER in lipid metabolism and detoxification. You'll pick up key terms like 'ribosomes,' 'chaperones,' and 'steroid synthesis' to boost your biology vocabulary!

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