Name: Chapter 6 - The Cardiorespiratory, Endocrine, and Digestive Systems
Uploaded: 2025-08-06T06:46:38.000Z
Duration: 52 min 19 s
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Now chapter 6 for the 7th edition of the NASM CPT manual basically is the moving forward of the systems approach because in chapter 5 we worked on basically the interaction between muscles, muscle system, the skeletal system, and the nervous system.

Adverbs of degree

And here we're just going to get into the separate components of the cardiorespiratory, endocrine, and the digestive systems.

Alright, and we're going to break down each of those into their own structures and basically how each system kind of works handily throughout the whole body and how it makes and affects our movement.

So this is chapter 6, so let's get started here and we'll work our way through.

So when we start, one of the main systems of our body because it includes multiple components but it's very important for anything from sending things off and pulling things out to just being able to function like the heart and breathing.

So the cardiorespiratory system, really we have to make sure that we get both pieces of that.

Cardiovascular is heart, blood vessels, blood.

Cardiorespiratory is heart, blood vessels, blood, lungs, and then through the whole airway system.

So it is the interaction between the cardiovascular and respiratory system.

So that's just kind of how the interaction between two systems is really made into one.

We want to make sure that we get appropriate, adequate, the right amount, max level, low level depending upon rest or work, O2 delivery.

We also want to be able to deliver nutrients and we also want to be able to take when we break those nutrients down for our energy purposes, we want to be able to get the waste byproducts such as CO2, ammonia, et cetera, out of our system and we do that by way of this complete system.

It's about getting things to move through the body and by those things, I mean the blood.

Well, where does the blood really originate from?

Blood originates from, you know, originates from the heart, but that heart is very tricky because it has the right and left sides, but those right and left sides are very important because right side, it doesn't have any oxygen, left side does.

So the right side has to pump blood to the lungs and the lungs will send that back to the heart and then the left side will basically take that blood that has oxygen in it now and it will send that to the rest of the body so that it can be used and extracted and you know, for, for whatever purpose that it needs it for.

So you know, again, the heart is, it's got an oblique shaped, you know, positioning.

It's not vertical, it's not, you know, horizontal.

It's actually got like a little bit of a twist to it, right?

But really it's in, it's obviously in front of the spine and it sits behind your sternum.

And it's located within that thoracic cavity.

So what do we, what do we call that area?

We call the, the space within the chest that's between the lungs, the, the mediastinum, right?

And that basically sits right in that same area as the lungs as well.

So the heart very much like skeletal muscle, the heart contains cardiac muscle.

There is the same kind of push, pulling mechanism that the cardiac muscle has.

But unlike skeletal muscle in some way, you know, some skeletal muscle can do it on its own but typically skeletal muscles voluntary where we call upon it.

The heart is involuntary for that purpose.

So I kind of hit on the left and right sides already, but we'll dive a little bit deeper into that.

So the first things first, there are four hollow chambers, all right?

And if we go back, well the same, it's the same picture, but you know, right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle, and they are going to be working independently right and left sides.

Like I said, the right side is more about getting blood to the lungs.

The left side is more about getting the blood to the rest of the body.

Now the upper chambers, the superior chambers are what we call the atrium.

The inferior chambers are the ventricles.

The ventricles are what fill and release, fill and release that again, right side goes to the lungs, left side goes to the rest of the body, basically through the aorta.

So again, what's the atria's job is to gather blood, to get all of that blood volume back into the heart so then it can pop it down to the ventricles and then send it to where it's got to go.

So really important, just to kind of make sure we understand this, it's one of the few places that it happens.

We know about, we should at this point, well maybe not at this point, but we will know soon that arteries send blood away from the heart and blood is going to go to the ventricles and veins take blood back to the heart.

So it's a little tricky because usually in almost all cases, except for what we're going to talk about now, in almost all cases, arteries always have oxygenated blood, not for the heart.

And veins always, except for this time, they usually carry deoxygenated blood.

But in the heart, when blood pumps out of the right atrium and sends the blood to the lungs to get oxygen basically put into it and extract it out of the alveoli.

When that happens, the blood has to be sent away from the heart.

The pulmonary artery is the only artery in the system that carries deoxygenated blood.

And as that pulmonary artery, left and right branch, gets sending blood to the lungs, once the lungs pull, once all the O2 is extracted from the lungs into the blood, the blood through capillaries and back through will get sent to the pulmonary vein, again, where the only vein in the body that carries oxygenated blood.

And then that goes back to the left atrium and then ready to get out to the left ventricle out to the rest of the body.

So those are kind of some major components that we want to understand and really kind of pull through so that you understand the structure base.

I kind of just, through my words, I said all of these details right here.

So all you want to, if you need to go back and listen to that and kind of pull this up at the same time, feel free.

But just again, the right atrium gets blood.

The right atrium gets blood from the rest of the body, now that's deoxygenated.

The right atrium releases blood through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle down in the lower left, this lower left region.

But again, we're looking at this from an anterior view, so it's backwards.

So this is the right side if it's in our own body.

So right ventricle, if you follow the direction up, it'll get into the left pulmonary and right pulmonary arteries, because you're going to go to the right and left branches of the heart.

So then that blood comes back through the pulmonary veins, as you can see over here on the right, into the left atrium, down through the left ventricle.

And then if you look at it, it kind of goes upward into the aorta and it spills out and superiorly through the aorta.

You know, and then if you look up top here, this is what we would call the aortic arch.

And then the aorta branches off into different, you know, smaller arteries, you know, and then you end up with the descending aorta that comes down to the backside of the heart.

So that's how the pathway would be for that.

We know the directionality, but what we don't, what we have to understand is that cardiac muscle really has to have a contraction just like skeletal muscle has to have a contraction for it to work.

So we have our own, you know, our body has its own, you know, conduction system within it.

So if you look at it, you know, our resting heart rate, you know, NASM basically explains, and this is probably going to be a test question on your physical CPT test, but your test question is looking more so at about 60 to 100 beats per minute for most people.

Now, most people, most average people, people who exercise typically have the lower end of the heart rates.

People who are, you know, that are hypertensive, well not hypertensive, people who are obese or hypertensive could be part of that.

But if you're obese, sedentary, you don't do a lot of things, you know, you want to, you're probably going to realize that your heart rate is going to be more elevated because you are not using it correctly.

So again, with our resting heart rate, we know we could take our pulse for that.

And we'll talk about that in a little while, but you know, that's one of those assessments that we can, are going to talk about.

Actually, I believe that is in chapter 11 when we talk about how to take your pulse.

But you know, for now, understand that that's how we would do it, 60 second count, how many times the heart beats during that 60 seconds.

Now, within our heart, we do have nerves, we have bundles of nerves that fly through the inner workings of our muscle, of the cardiac muscle of the actual heart itself.

And they are the ones that produce the lub-dub.

Now the lub-dub is the lub is the first contraction of the right side pump, the dub is the left side pump.

How are those, how does that have a reaction to it nervous system wise?

And its job is to contract the right atrium, all right, so that it can start its, you know, the path of the blood to come through.

So, you know, it's located in the right atrium, but its job is to make sure that it gets the atrium, you know, both atria and down into the ventricles so that we have blood that shoves down, you know, into those ventricles so they're ready to go.

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Chapter 6 - The Cardiorespiratory, Endocrine, and Digestive Systems

eventually

metabolism

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typically