Name: 【TED】Richard Resnick: Welcome to the genomic revolution (Richard Resnick: Welcome to the genomic revolution)
Uploaded: 2017-04-28T18:27:49.000Z
Duration: 11 min 3 s
Description: Thousands of YouTube videos with English-Chinese subtitles! Now you can learn to understand native speakers, expand your vocabulary, and improve your pronunciation...

Chromosome one -- top left, bottom right -- are the sex chromosomes.

Women have two copies of that big X chromosome;

men have the X and, of course, that small copy of the Y.

Sorry boys, but it's just a tiny little thing that makes you different.

then what you see, of course, is this double-helix structure --

the code of life spelled out with these four biochemical letters,

How many are there in the human genome? Three billion.

Well, everybody can throw around big numbers.

on each pixel of this 1280x800-resolution screen,

we would need 3,000 screens to take a look at the genome.

a group of people -- all, by the way, with Y chromosomes --

And so 15 years, actually, and about four billion dollars later,

In 2003, the final version was published, and they keep working on it.

That was all done on a machine like this.

It costs about a dollar for each base -- a very slow way of doing it.

we cut all those copies up into little 50-base reads,

and then we sequence them, massively parallel.

Then we bring that into software and reassemble it,

So to give you a picture of what this looks like,

the Human Genome Project: 3 gigabases, right?

One run on one of these modern machines: 200 gigabases in a week.

And that 200 is going to change to 600 this summer,

and there's no sign of this pace slowing.

That's the equivalent of you filling up your car with gas in 1998,

and now you can drive to Jupiter and back twice.

the archive of all of medical literature,

you don't typically see lines that go up like that.

So the worldwide capacity to sequence human genomes

is something like 50,000 to 100,000 human genomes this year.

We know this based on the machines that are being placed.

This is expected to double, triple or maybe quadruple

year over year for the foreseeable future.

that represents 20 percent of all that capacity:

It's called the Beijing Genomics Institute.

The Chinese are absolutely winning this race to the new Moon, by the way.

presents with stage 2 estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer.

She is treated with surgery, chemotherapy and radiation.

she comes back with stage 3C ovarian cancer, unfortunately;

treated again with surgery and chemotherapy.

She comes back three years later at age 42

with more ovarian cancer, more chemotherapy.

she comes back with acute myeloid leukemia.

She goes into respiratory failure and dies eight days later.

So first: the way in which this woman was treated,

in as little as 10 years, will look like bloodletting.

And it's because of people like my colleague, Rick Wilson,

at the Genome Institute at Washington University,

who decided to take a look at this woman postmortem.

and sequenced the whole genomes of both of them

Then he compared those two genomes in software,

was a deletion -- a 2,000-base deletion across three billion bases

If you have this deleterious mutation in this gene,

you're 90 percent likely to get cancer in your life.

So unfortunately, this doesn't help this woman,

but it does have severe -- profound, if you will --

and they get this genetic test and they understand it,

then they can get regular screens and can catch cancer early,

and potentially live a significantly longer life.

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【TED】Richard Resnick: Welcome to the genomic revolution (Richard Resnick: Welcome to the genomic revolution)

essentially

significant

applause

capacity