Vocabulary

  • for short: As a shortened form of a name or phrase.
  • in general: Typically; usually; on the whole.
  • switch on: To put something electrical on or off
  • in under: Located inside and beneath something.
  • in sight: Visible; able to be seen.
  • search for: To try to find someone or something.
  • used to: Did regularly before, but don't do now
  • thanks to: Because of; as a result of.
  • stamp of approval: Official endorsement or authorization; a sign that something is considered acceptable or of good quality.
  • in a trench coat: Wearing a long waterproof coat called a trench coat.
  • slip past: To move quietly past someone or something without being noticed.
  • by mistake: Accidentally; unintentionally.
  • in charge: To be responsible for
  • show up: To arrive or be seen at a place, e.g. a party
  • at least: As a minimum
  • in order to: For the purpose of; with the aim of.
  • at the ready: Fully prepared and available for immediate use.
  • in fact: Used to emphasize the truth of a statement, especially one that contrasts with or contradicts something else.
  • drum up: To try to get support or interest from people for something.
  • rather than: More exactly; more correctly
  • on to: Toward something; forward
  • go on: To continue doing something
  • turn on
  • genetic information: Hereditary information encoded in the genetic material (DNA or RNA) of an organism.
  • along with: In addition to; together with.
  • on the surface: Appearing to be true or real until examined more closely.
  • in theory: According to the stated ideas or principles
  • in practice: In reality or actual use; as opposed to in theory.
  • in total: Completely; with everything added together.
  • figure out: To understand the behavior of someone
  • in the works: Being planned or prepared; in progress.
  • at bay: Kept at a distance; held back.
  • one step ahead: Having an advantage or being more prepared than others.
  • specific: Precise; particular; just about that thing
  • immune: Having a special protection from, e.g. the law
  • bunch: A group of things of the same kind
  • strategy: Careful plan or method for achieving a goal
  • tackle: To start working on a difficult problem
  • effective: Working efficiently to produce a desired result
  • general: Widespread, normal or usual
  • exposure: Allowing light through a cameras lens onto film
  • develop: To explain something in steps and in detail
  • disease: Illness that affects a person, animal, or plant
  • version: Different way that someone interprets something
  • research: To study in order to discover new ideas and facts
  • trial: Hearing and judgment of a case in court
  • viral: Of or caused by a virus
  • protein: Group of molecules made from amino acids
  • initial: First letter of your given name
  • overcome: To succeed in a struggle against; defeat
  • prime: To get a person ready for; prepare someone
  • stimulate: To arouse or excite emotionally
  • therapeutic: Intended to make things (e.g. illness) better
  • mean: Average of a set of numbers
  • tiny: Very, very small
  • response: Something said/written as an answer to something
  • discrimination: Ability to recognize the difference between things
  • form: Sports team or person's current winning record
  • vaccine: Shot using weak disease cells to stop same disease
  • generate: To create or be produced or bring into existence
  • challenge: An activity you wish to try that may be hard to do
  • deliver: To give birth to a child; help a woman give birth
  • reason: To think and make conclusions in a logical manner
  • clinical: Concerning the treatment or observing patients
  • produce: Fresh foods such as fruits and vegetables
  • pathogen: Any disease-producing agent
  • randomly: With no pattern or clear purpose; by chance
  • activity: An action or task, e.g. sports, washing clothes
  • placebo: Harmless pill for comparison in trial of new drug
  • promise: To say you will certainly do something
  • system: Set of organized, planned ideas that work together
  • fact: Something that is known or proved to be true
  • fully: Completely or entirely
  • optimize: To make as effective as possible
  • chance: The way something happens without planning
  • natural: Being as one would expect; being usual or normal
  • virus: File secretly put on computers to cause harm
  • pick: Sharp tool used for breaking the ground
  • pesky: Causing irritation or annoyance
  • medication: Substance to relieve pain or cure sickness
  • broadly: In a general (not detailed) manner
  • bay: Part of an ocean or lake partly surrounded by land
  • anti: A prefix meaning 'against' or 'opposed'
  • lab: Short for 'laboratory'
  • antibody: Substance produced by the body to fight disease
  • reactive: Easily reacting to; responsive
  • auto: Car; a road vehicle with four or more wheels
  • reactivity: Ready susceptibility to chemical change
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  • not found vocabularyNo vocabulary matches your filters
    • along with

      US /əˈlɔŋ wɪð/

      UK /əˈlɔŋ wið/

      • Preposition
      • In addition to; together with.
      • Adverb
      • In company or together with someone or something.
      • Including; in addition to.
      A2
      More
    • anti

      US /ˈæntaɪ, -ti/

      UK /'æntɪ/

      • Adjective
      • A prefix meaning 'against' or 'opposed'
      B2
      More
    • antibody

      US /ˈæntibɑ:di/

      UK /ˈæntibɒdi/

      • Countable Noun
      • Substance produced by the body to fight disease
      B1
      More
    • at bay

      US /æt be/

      UK /æt bei/

      • Phrase
      • Kept at a distance; held back.
      A1
      More
    • at least

      US /æt list/

      UK /æt li:st/

      • Adverb
      • As a minimum
      • Not less than
      • Phrase
      • No less than; at the minimum
      • Used to indicate that something is positive in a bad situation.
      C2
      More
    • at the ready

      US /ət ðə ˈrɛdi/

      UK /ət ðə ˈredi/

      • other
      • Fully prepared and available for immediate use.
      B2
      More
    • auto

      US /ˈɔ:toʊ/

      UK /ˈɔ:təʊ/

      • Noun
      • Car; a road vehicle with four or more wheels
      B2
      More
    • bay

      US /be/

      UK /beɪ/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Part of an ocean or lake partly surrounded by land
      • A compartment or recess in a building.
      • Adjective
      • Reddish-brown in color, typically used to describe a horse.
      • Forcing someone or something to turn and face its attackers; cornered.
      B1
      More
    • broadly

      US /ˈbrɔdlɪ/

      UK /ˈbrɔ:dli/

      • Adverb
      • In a general (not detailed) manner
      B1
      More
    • bunch

      US /bʌntʃ/

      UK /bʌntʃ/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • A group of things of the same kind
      • A group of people.
      • Transitive Verb
      • To group people or things closely together
      B1
      More
    • by mistake

      US /baɪ mɪˈstek/

      UK /bai misˈteik/

      • Phrase
      • Accidentally; unintentionally.
      A2
      More
    • challenge

      US /ˈtʃæləndʒ/

      UK /'tʃælɪndʒ/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • An activity you wish to try that may be hard to do
      • Act of formally inviting someone to compete
      • Transitive Verb
      • To formally invite someone to compete at something
      • To question the correctness of something
      A2
      More
    • clinical

      US /ˈklɪnɪkəl/

      UK /ˈklɪnɪkl/

      • Adjective
      • Concerning the treatment or observing patients
      • Using scientific techniques and precision
      B1
      More
    • deliver

      US /dɪˈlɪvɚ/

      UK /dɪ'lɪvə(r)/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To give birth to a child; help a woman give birth
      • To save someone from a problem or crisis
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • discrimination

      US /dɪˌskrɪməˈneʃən/

      UK /dɪˌskrɪmɪˈneɪʃn/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Ability to recognize the difference between things
      • Treating people unfairly due to race, age etc.
      B1
      More
    • disease

      US /dɪˈziz/

      UK /dɪˈzi:z/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Illness that affects a person, animal, or plant
      • A disorder of structure or function in a plant, especially one caused by a pathogen.
      • Transitive Verb
      • To affect with disease; to corrupt or sicken.
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • drum up

      US /drʌm ʌp/

      UK /drʌm ʌp/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To try to get support or interest from people for something.
      A2
      More
    • exposure

      US /ɪkˈspoʒɚ/

      UK /ɪk'spəʊʒə(r)/

      • Noun
      • Allowing light through a cameras lens onto film
      • Being talked about in the media
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • figure out

      US /ˈfɪɡjɚ aʊt/

      UK /ˈfiɡə aut/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To understand the behavior of someone
      • To think through logically to find a solution
      • Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
      • To understand or find an answer to something.
      • To find a solution to a problem or understand something.
      A1
      More
    • for short

      US /fɔr ʃɔrt/

      UK /fɔ: ʃɔ:t/

      • Phrase
      • As a shortened form of a name or phrase.
      A1
      More
    • generate

      US /ˈdʒɛnəˌret/

      UK /ˈdʒenəreɪt/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To create or be produced or bring into existence
      • To create electricity, heat, energy and power
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • genetic information

      US /dʒəˈnɛtɪk ˌɪnfɚˈmeʃən/

      UK /dʒiˈnetik ˌɪnfəˈmeiʃən/

      • Uncountable Noun
      • Hereditary information encoded in the genetic material (DNA or RNA) of an organism.
      More
    • go on

      US /ɡo ɑn/

      UK /ɡəu ɔn/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To continue doing something
      • To happen (usually negative)
      • Interjection
      • Used to encourage someone
      A1
      More
    • immune

      US /ɪˈmjoon/

      UK /ɪˈmju:n/

      • Adjective
      • Having a special protection from, e.g. the law
      • Protected against a particular disease or condition because of antibodies or vaccination.
      B1
      More
    • in a trench coat

      US /ɪn ə ˈtrentʃ koʊt/

      UK /ɪn ə ˈtrentʃ kəut/

      • other
      • Wearing a long waterproof coat called a trench coat.
      A2
      More
    • in charge

      US /ɪn tʃɑrdʒ/

      UK /in tʃɑ:dʒ/

      • Adverb
      • To be responsible for
      A1
      More
    • in fact

      US /ɪn fækt/

      UK /in fækt/

      • Adverb
      • Used to emphasize the truth of a statement, especially one that contrasts with or contradicts something else.
      • Used to introduce a more detailed or surprising piece of information.
      • Phrase
      • Used to emphasize the truth of a statement, especially one that is surprising or contrary to what might be expected.
      C1
      More
    • in general

      US /ɪn ˈdʒɛnərəl/

      UK /in ˈdʒenərəl/

      • Phrase
      • Typically; usually; on the whole.
      • Not specific or detailed; broadly.
      • Adjective
      • Not detailed or specific; overall.
      C2
      More
    • in order to

      US /ɪn ˈɔrdɚ tu/

      UK /in ˈɔ:də tu:/

      • Preposition
      • For the purpose of; with the aim of.
      • Phrase
      • In a specific sequence or arrangement.
      • With the aim of; for the purpose of.
      C1
      More
    • in practice

      US /ɪn ˈpræktɪs/

      UK /in ˈpræktis/

      • Phrase
      • In reality or actual use; as opposed to in theory.
      A1
      More
    • in sight

      US /ɪn saɪt/

      UK /in sait/

      • Phrase
      • Visible; able to be seen.
      • Near to being achieved; imminent.
      More
    • in the works

      US

      UK

      • Adjective
      • Being planned or prepared; in progress.
      • Phrase
      • Under development or being actively planned.
      A1
      More
    • in theory

      US /ɪn ˈθiəri/

      UK /in ˈθiəri/

      • Adverb
      • According to the stated ideas or principles
      • Phrase
      • According to the theoretical possibilities rather than actual practice.
      B2
      More
    • in total

      US /ɪn ˈtotl/

      UK /in ˈtəutəl/

      • Phrase
      • Completely; with everything added together.
      A1
      More
    • in under

      US

      UK

      • Preposition
      • Located inside and beneath something.
      • Covered or concealed by something.
      A1
      More
    • initial

      US /ɪˈnɪʃəl/

      UK /ɪ'nɪʃl/

      • Noun
      • First letter of your given name
      • The beginning or commencement of something.
      • Transitive Verb
      • To authorize something by writing your initials
      • To mark or sign with one's initials.
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • lab

      US /læb/

      UK /læb/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Short for 'laboratory'
      B1
      More
    • medication

      US /ˌmɛdɪˈkeʃən/

      UK /ˌmedɪˈkeɪʃn/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Substance to relieve pain or cure sickness
      B2
      More
    • on the surface

      US /ɑn ði ˈsɚfəs/

      UK /ɔn ðə ˈsə:fis/

      • Phrase
      • Appearing to be true or real until examined more closely.
      • Located on the outer part or uppermost layer of something.
      B2
      More
    • on to

      US /ɑn tu/

      UK /ɔn tu:/

      • Preposition
      • Toward something; forward
      • Aware of someone's activities.
      • Adjective
      • Aware of someone's deception or illegal activities.
      A1
      More
    • one step ahead

      US /wʌn stɛp əˈhɛd/

      UK /wʌn step əˈhed/

      • Adjective
      • Having an advantage or being more prepared than others.
      • Phrase
      • Planning or thinking in advance.
      B1
      More
    • optimize

      US /ˈɑ:ptɪmaɪz/

      UK /ˈɒptɪmaɪz/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To make as effective as possible
      B2
      More
    • overcome

      US /ˌovɚˈkʌm/

      UK /ˌəʊvə'kʌm/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To succeed in a struggle against; defeat
      • Participle
      • Past participle of overcome; to have successfully dealt with or controlled a problem or feeling.
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • pathogen

      US /ˈpæθədʒən/

      UK /ˈpæθədʒən/

      • Noun
      • Any disease-producing agent
      C1
      More
    • pesky

      US /ˈpɛski/

      UK /ˈpeski/

      • Adjective
      • Causing irritation or annoyance
      C2
      More
    • placebo

      US /pləˈsibo/

      UK /plə'si:bəʊ/

      • Noun
      • Harmless pill for comparison in trial of new drug
      B2
      More
    • prime

      US /praɪm/

      UK /praɪm/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To get a person ready for; prepare someone
      • To coat with paint to prepare it for the main coat
      • Adjective
      • Concerning the highest in quality or value
      • Concerning the highest level of achievement
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • protein

      US /ˈprəʊˌtiːn/

      UK /ˈprəʊti:n/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Group of molecules made from amino acids
      B1
      More
    • randomly

      US /'rændəmlɪ/

      UK /'rændəmlɪ/

      • Adverb
      • With no pattern or clear purpose; by chance
      B1TOEIC
      More
    • rather than

      US

      UK

      • Adverb
      • More exactly; more correctly
      • Preferably; instead
      • Preposition
      • Instead of
      A1
      More
    • reactive

      US /riˈæktɪv/

      UK /riˈæktɪv/

      • Adjective
      • Easily reacting to; responsive
      B1
      More
    • reactivity

      US

      UK

      • Uncountable Noun
      • Ready susceptibility to chemical change
      B1
      More
    • research

      US /rɪˈsɚtʃ, ˈriˌsɚtʃ/

      UK /rɪ'sɜ:tʃ/

      • Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
      • To study in order to discover new ideas and facts
      • To study the market relating to marketing products and services.
      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Study done to discover new ideas and facts
      • A particular area or topic of study.
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • response

      US /rɪˈspɑns/

      UK /riˈspɔns/

      • Noun
      • Something said/written as an answer to something
      • Reaction to something that has occurred
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • search for

      US /sɚtʃ fɔr/

      UK /sə:tʃ fɔ:/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To try to find someone or something.
      B1
      More
    • show up

      US /ʃo ʌp/

      UK /ʃəu ʌp/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To arrive or be seen at a place, e.g. a party
      • To be noticeably better than (someone else)
      A1
      More
    • slip past

      US /slɪp pæst/

      UK /slɪp pɑ:st/

      • other
      • To move quietly past someone or something without being noticed.
      B2
      More
    • specific

      US /spɪˈsɪfɪk/

      UK /spəˈsɪfɪk/

      • Adjective
      • Precise; particular; just about that thing
      • Concerning one particular thing or kind of thing
      A2
      More
    • stamp of approval

      US

      UK

      • Noun
      • Official endorsement or authorization; a sign that something is considered acceptable or of good quality.
      • General acceptance or positive regard; a sign that something is well-received or admired.
      A2
      More
    • stimulate

      US /ˈstɪmjəˌlet/

      UK /'stɪmjʊleɪt/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To arouse or excite emotionally
      B1
      More
    • strategy

      US /ˈstrætədʒi/

      UK /'strætədʒɪ/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Careful plan or method for achieving a goal
      • Branch of military dealing with command
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • switch on

      US

      UK

      • Transitive Verb
      • To put something electrical on or off
      • Phrasal Verb
      A2
      More
    • tackle

      US /ˈtækəl/

      UK /'tækl/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To start working on a difficult problem
      • To grab and throw a person to the ground
      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Equipment used in fishing
      • Arrangement of ropes and wheels used for lifting
      B1TOEIC
      More
    • thanks to

      US /θæŋks tu/

      UK /θæŋks tu:/

      • Preposition
      • Because of; as a result of.
      A1
      More
    • therapeutic

      US /ˌθɛrəˈpjutɪk/

      UK /ˌθerəˈpju:tɪk/

      • Adjective
      • Intended to make things (e.g. illness) better
      B2
      More
    • tiny

      US /ˈtaɪni/

      UK /'taɪnɪ/

      • Adjective
      • Very, very small
      A2
      More
    • trial

      US /ˈtraɪəl, traɪl/

      UK /ˈtraɪəl/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Hearing and judgment of a case in court
      • Act or process of testing or experimenting
      • Transitive Verb
      • To be made or done as a test or experiment
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • turn on

      US /tɚn ɑn/

      UK /tə:n ɔn/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To cause someone to be interested or excited
      • Transitive Verb
      • To activate or switch on a device or appliance.
      • To suddenly attack or criticize someone.
      A1
      More
    • used to

      US /juzd tu/

      UK /ˈju:st tə/

      • Adjective
      • Did regularly before, but don't do now
      • Auxiliary Verb
      • Have done before, but do not do now
      A1
      More
    • vaccine

      US /vækˈsin,ˈvækˌsin/

      UK /'væksi:n/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Shot using weak disease cells to stop same disease
      • A preparation of weakened or killed microorganisms, or of antigenic proteins derived from them, used to induce protective immunity in animals.
      B2
      More
    • version

      US /ˈvɚʒən, -ʃən/

      UK /ˈvə:ʃən/

      • Noun
      • Different way that someone interprets something
      • New or different form of something
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • viral

      US /ˈvaɪrəl/

      UK /ˈvaɪrəl/

      • Adjective
      • Of or caused by a virus
      • Becoming very popular by circulating quickly from person to person, especially through the Internet.
      B2
      More
    • virus

      US /ˈvaɪrəs/

      UK /'vaɪrəs/

      • Noun
      • File secretly put on computers to cause harm
      • Living organism that causes disease or sickness
      B1
      More
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    01:03

    She took a brave step forward, leaving behind her comfort zone to chase her dreams.

    Vocabulary
    • brave

      adj. Having courage

    • comfort zone

      phr. A familiar situation where one feels safe

    Explanation
    a brave step is a noun phrase, where brave is an adjective modifying the noun step, meaning "a courageous step". forward is an adverb modifying step, meaning "ahead". The whole phrase serves as the object, answering the "what" of took (verb) — she took a brave step forward.

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    brave

    US/brev/
    UK/breɪv/
    adj.Brave
    v.t.To bravely face
    A2 Elementary

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    80
    B1UK
    #hiv#mrna#immune#immune system#immune response#response

    Why They Can't Make an HIV Vaccine (They're Trying!)

    0
    VoiceTube posted on 2024/10/18
    Ever wondered why creating an HIV vaccine is so tough, even with amazing tech like mRNA? This video dives deep into the science behind HIV's immune evasion and the cutting-edge research, including broadly neutralizing antibodies, that's happening right now! You'll pick up some really useful advanced vocabulary related to immunology and clinical trials while learning about this critical global health challenge.

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