20、 Obama
B1 Intermediate UK 2305 Folder Collection
After playing the video, you can click or select the word to look it up in the dictionary.
Loading...
Report Subtitle Errors
What if you could use genetic engineering to stop humanity's most dangerous predator?
The deadliest animal on the planet responsible for the death of billions -
- the mighty mosquito.
Along with other diseases, it plays host to malaria,
one of the cruelest parasites on earth,
possibly the single biggest killer of humans in history.
In 2015 alone, hundreds of millions were infected.
Almost half a million people died.
A new technology could help us eradicate malaria for ever.
But to do so, we need to engineer a whole animal population.
This is not a hypothetical problem,
The modified mosquitoes already exist in a lab.
Should we use the technology, and is malaria bad enough to risk it?
[THEME MUSIC]
Malaria is caused by a group of micro-organisms.
Plasmodia.
Very weird micro-organisms, that consist of just a single cell.
They're parasites that completely rely on mosquitoes.
Malaria always starts with an insect bite.
In its salivary glands, thousands of sporozoites wait until the insect penetrates your skin.
Immediately after invading you, they head for the liver,
where they quietly enter big cells and hide from the immune system.
For up to a month, they stay here, in stealth mode, consuming the cells alive and changing into their next form -
small, drop-like merozoites.
They multiply, generating thousands of themselves,
and then burst out of the cells.
So thousands of parasites head into the bloodstream to look for their next victims -
Red blood cells.
To stay unnoticed, they wrap themselves in the membranes of the cells they killed.
Imagine that,
killing someone from the inside,
and then taking their skin as camouflage.
Brutal.
They now violently attack red blood cells,
Multiplying inside them until they burst, then finding more red blood cells.
This cycle repeats over and over
Pieces of dead cells spread lots of toxic waste material,
which activates a powerful immune response causing flu-like symptoms.
Among the symptoms are high fever, sweats and chills,
convulsions, headaches and sometimes vomiting and diarrhea.
If malaria reaches the blood-brain barrier, it can cause coma, neurological damage, or death.
The parasites are ready for evacuation now.
When another mosquito bites the infected human, they get a ride.
The cycle can start over.
In 2015, the Zika virus,
which causes horrible birth defects if it infects pregnant women,
spread rapidly into new areas around the globe.
It too is carried by a mosquito.
The mosquito is the perfect carrier for human diseases ,
They've been around for at least 200 million years,
there are trillions of them,
and a single one can lay up to 300 eggs at a time.
They are practically impossible to eradicate,
and the perfect parasite taxi.
But today, we have new revolutionary technology
that could enable us to finally win the war against them.
CRISPR.
For the first time in human history,
we have the tools to make fast, large-scale changes to entire species,
changing their genetic information as we please.
So, instead of attacking isolated groups of insects,
why not just change the types that transmit diseases?
Using genetic engineering,
Scientists successfully created a strain of mosquitos that are immune to the malaria parasite,
by adding a new antibody gene that specifically targets plasmodium.
These mosquitoes will never spread malaria.
But just changing genetic information is not enough.
The edits would only be inherited by half the offspring,
because most genes have two versions inside the genome as a fail- safe.
So after just two generations, at most only half of the offspring would carry the engineered gene.
In a population of billions of mosquitoes,
They would hardly make a difference
A genetic engineering method called the gene drive solves this problem.
It forces the new gene to become dominant in the following generations,
overpowering the old gene almost completely.
Thanks to this twist, 99.5% of all the engineered mosquitoes' offspring will carry the anti-malaria edit.
If we were to release enough engineered mosquitoes into the wild to mate with normal mosquitoes,
The malaria-blocking genes would spread extremely quickly.
As the new gene becomes a permanent feature of the mosquito population,
plasmodium would lose its home base.
Scientists hope that the change would be so fast, they could not adapt to it quickly enough.
Malaria could virtually disappear.
If you take into account that almost half a million children are killed by it every year,
about five have died since this video started.
Some scientists argue that we should use the technology sooner, rather than later.
The mosquitoes themselves would probably only profit from this.
They don't have anything to gain from carrying parasites.
And this might only be the first step - malaria might just be the beginning.
Different mosquitoes also carry Dengue fever and Zika
Ticks transmit lyme disease,
Flies transmit sleeping sickness,
Fleas transmit the plague.
We could save millions of lives, and prevent suffering on an unbelievable scale.
So,why haven't we done this yet?
For one, CRISPR editing is barely four years old,
so until very recently, we just couldn't do it as fast and easily.
And there are valid concerns.
Never before have humans consciously changed the genetic code of a free-living organism on this scale.
Once we do it, there is no going back.
So it has to be done right,
because there could be unwanted consequences if we set out to edit nature
In the specific case of malaria though,
the risk might be acceptable since the genetic modification doesn't make a big change in the overall genome,
It only changes a very specific part.
The worst case scenario here, is probably that it might not work,
or that the parasite adapts in a negative way.
There is still much debate,
Technology as powerful as gene drive needs to be handled with a lot of care.
But at some point, we have to ask ourselves,
Is it unethical to not use this technology,
when everyday, one thousand children die?
Humanity has to decide how to act on this in the next few years.
The public discussion is way behind the technology in this case,
What do you think?
This video was made possible in part by viewer donations on patreon.
If you want to help us make more videos like this and get nice rewards in return,
you can do so here.
We really appreciate it.
If you want to learn more about the topic of genetic engineering,
we have another video about CRISPR and GMO's.
And in case that's too much biology for you, here's a space playlist.
    You must  Log in  to get the function.
Tip: Click on the article or the word in the subtitle to get translation quickly!

Loading…

B1 Intermediate UK

How To Eradicate One Of Our Deadliest Enemies – Gene Drive & Malaria

2305 Folder Collection
mommy published on March 13, 2017

Learning Words

loading

Comments

Loading…
More Recommended Videos

  1. 1. Search word

    Select word on the caption to look it up in the dictionary!

  2. 2. Repeat single sentence

    Repeat the same sentence to enhance listening ability

  3. 3. Shortcut

    Shortcut!

  4. 4. Close caption

    Close the English caption

  5. 5. Embed

    Embed the video to your blog

  6. 6. Unfold

    Hide right panel

  1. Listening Quiz

    Listening Quiz!

  1. Click to open your notebook

  1. UrbanDictionary 俚語字典整合查詢。一般字典查詢不到你滿意的解譯，不妨使用「俚語字典」，或許會讓你有滿意的答案喔