Vocabulary

  • such as: For example; like
  • for example: As an illustration or instance.
  • due to: Because of; owing to
  • look at: To use your eyes to focus on something
  • culminate in: To reach the highest point or final stage; to result in.
  • also known as: Also called; alternatively named.
  • of course: Sure ; Certainly
  • in turn: One after the other in a sequence or rotation.
  • see in: To accompany someone to the entrance of a building or room.
  • clear up: To tidy things away, e.g. dirty dishes after meal
  • aside from
  • lead to: To result in some action
  • in summary: Briefly stating or reviewing main points.
  • specific: Precise; particular; just about that thing
  • entire: Complete or full; with no part left out; whole
  • process: To organize and use data in a computer
  • immune: Having a special protection from, e.g. the law
  • eliminate: To completely remove; to get rid of
  • trigger: Lever on a gun that you pull to fire
  • physical: Health check at the doctors' or hospital
  • trauma: A very severe or upsetting experience
  • typically: In a normal or usual way
  • integrity: Quality of being honest, fair and honorable
  • severe: Very bad; harsh
  • common: Area in a city or town that is open to everyone
  • stress: To emphasize one or more parts of a word, sentence
  • contribute: To be a factor in causing something to happen
  • inflammation: Painful swelling in the body due to illness
  • excessive: Beyond what is usual or proper
  • viral: Of or caused by a virus
  • lack: To not have, or not have enough, of something
  • stroke: When blood cannot get to brain, causing damage
  • mechanism: Part of a machine that performs a certain function
  • occur: To come to pass or to happen
  • maintain: To keep saying something a certain way
  • response: Something said/written as an answer to something
  • messy: Being complex or difficult to fix
  • require: To demand that someone does something
  • form: Sports team or person's current winning record
  • inflammatory: Making or intended to make someone angry
  • release: To free someone from a responsibility or burden
  • compare: To consider how similar and different things are
  • involve: To have or be included as a part of something
  • seal: To close tightly to protect it from leaking
  • due: When something is required or expected
  • lead: Wire for electricity, computer, etc.; cable
  • clinical: Concerning the treatment or observing patients
  • oxygen: A gas in the air that we need to breathe
  • acute: (Of an angle in math) of less than 90 degrees
  • intrinsic: Being naturally and always a part of something
  • activate: To cause to happen; cause a chemical reaction
  • swell: To feel overcome due to a strong emotion
  • enzyme: A protein made by cells
  • complicate: To make more difficult to do, understand or use
  • important: Having power or authority
  • membrane: Outside covering of a cell
  • program: To make someone act or think in a certain way
  • receptor: A nerve ending that changes stimuli into impulses
  • drive: A person's ambition and motivation to do something
  • change: To exchange one set of clothes for another
  • remember: To give someone a gift, e.g. birthday, wedding
  • prolong: To make continue for a longer amount of time
  • space: Empty area kept for a specific reason, like a car
  • cellular: Concerning a cell of a living thing
  • dismantle: To take something apart in an organized way
  • include: To make someone, something part of a group
  • start: First time or place that a thing exists; beginning
  • finally: used especially at the beginning of a sentence to introduce the last point or idea
  • plasma: Substance in which the blood cells are carried
  • degrade: To reduce in amount or strength
  • molecular: About or caused by molecules
  • main: Most important; most often used
  • extrinsic: Not forming an internal part; outside; outer
  • condensation: Act of shortening something
  • oxidative: Taking place in the presence of oxygen
  • mitochondrial: Referring to mitochondria
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    • activate

      US /ˈæktəˌvet/

      UK /ˈæktɪveɪt/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To cause to happen; cause a chemical reaction
      • To make something start working
      B1
      More
    • acute

      US /əˈkjut/

      UK /əˈkju:t/

      • Adjective
      • (Of an angle in math) of less than 90 degrees
      • Strong; very serious or severe
      B1
      More
    • also known as

      US

      UK

      • Phrase
      • Also called; alternatively named.
      • Identified by another term; synonymous with.
      A1
      More
    • aside from

      US /əˈsaɪd frʌm/

      UK /əˈsaid frɔm/

      • Phrase
      A1
      More
    • cellular

      US /ˈsɛljəlɚ/

      UK /'seljələ(r)/

      • Adjective
      • Concerning a cell of a living thing
      • (Of radio signals) functioning without wires
      B2
      More
    • clear up

      US /klɪr ʌp/

      UK /kliə ʌp/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To tidy things away, e.g. dirty dishes after meal
      • To explain something in an understandable way
      A1
      More
    • clinical

      US /ˈklɪnɪkəl/

      UK /ˈklɪnɪkl/

      • Adjective
      • Concerning the treatment or observing patients
      • Using scientific techniques and precision
      B1
      More
    • complicate

      US /ˈkɑ:mplɪkeɪt/

      UK /ˈkɒmplɪkeɪt/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To make more difficult to do, understand or use
      B1
      More
    • condensation

      US /ˌkɑ:ndenˈseɪʃn/

      UK /ˌkɒndenˈseɪʃn/

      • Uncountable Noun
      • Act of shortening something
      • Drops of water on a surface, as produced by steam
      B2
      More
    • contribute

      US /kənˈtrɪbjut/

      UK /kən'trɪbju:t/

      • Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
      • To be a factor in causing something to happen
      • To donate, give (money) or help to something
      A2
      More
    • culminate in

      US

      UK

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To reach the highest point or final stage; to result in.
      More
    • degrade

      US /dɪˈɡred/

      UK /dɪ'ɡreɪd/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To reduce in amount or strength
      B2
      More
    • dismantle

      US /dɪsˈmæntl/

      UK /dɪs'mæntl/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To take something apart in an organized way
      • To gradually cause something to come to an end or fail.
      B2
      More
    • due to

      US /du tu/

      UK /dju: tu:/

      • Preposition
      • Because of; owing to
      • Adjective
      • Attributable to; caused by.
      A1
      More
    • eliminate

      US /ɪˈlɪməˌnet/

      UK /ɪ'lɪmɪneɪt/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To completely remove; to get rid of
      • To remove from a contest by beating them
      B1TOEIC
      More
    • entire

      US /ɛnˈtaɪr/

      UK /ɪn'taɪə(r)/

      • Adjective
      • Complete or full; with no part left out; whole
      • Undivided; not shared or distributed.
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • enzyme

      US /ˈɛnzaɪm/

      UK /ˈenzaɪm/

      • Noun
      • A protein made by cells
      B2TOEIC
      More
    • excessive

      US /ɪkˈsɛsɪv/

      UK /ɪkˈsesɪv/

      • Adjective
      • Beyond what is usual or proper
      B2
      More
    • extrinsic

      US /ɪkˈstrɪnsɪk, -zɪk/

      UK /eksˈtrɪnsɪk/

      • Adjective
      • Not forming an internal part; outside; outer
      C1
      More
    • for example

      US

      UK

      • Phrase
      • As an illustration or instance.
      More
    • immune

      US /ɪˈmjoon/

      UK /ɪˈmju:n/

      • Adjective
      • Having a special protection from, e.g. the law
      • Protected against a particular disease or condition because of antibodies or vaccination.
      B1
      More
    • in summary

      US /ɪn ˈsʌməri/

      UK /in ˈsʌməri/

      • Phrase
      • Briefly stating or reviewing main points.
      B2
      More
    • in turn

      US

      UK

      • Adverb
      • One after the other in a sequence or rotation.
      A1
      More
    • inflammation

      US /ˌɪnfləˈmeʃən/

      UK /ˌɪnfləˈmeɪʃn/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Painful swelling in the body due to illness
      • A condition in which a part of the body becomes reddened, swollen, hot, and often painful, especially as a reaction to injury or infection.
      B2
      More
    • inflammatory

      US /ɪnˈflæməˌtɔri, -ˌtori/

      UK /ɪnˈflæmətri/

      • Adjective
      • Making or intended to make someone angry
      B2TOEIC
      More
    • integrity

      US /ɪnˈtɛɡrɪti/

      UK /ɪnˈtegrəti/

      • Uncountable Noun
      • Quality of being honest, fair and honorable
      • The state of being whole and undivided.
      B1TOEIC
      More
    • intrinsic

      US /ɪnˈtrɪnzɪk, -sɪk/

      UK /ɪnˈtrɪnsɪk/

      • Adjective
      • Being naturally and always a part of something
      B1
      More
    • involve

      US /ɪnˈvɑlv/

      UK /ɪn'vɒlv/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To have or be included as a part of something
      • To cause (a person or group) to take part in an event or activity.
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • lack

      US /læk/

      UK /læk/

      • Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
      • To not have, or not have enough, of something
      • Uncountable Noun
      • The state of not having or not having enough of
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • lead to

      US /lid tu/

      UK /li:d tu:/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To result in some action
      • Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
      • To have something as a consequence or result.
      A1
      More
    • look at

      US /lʊk æt/

      UK /luk æt/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To use your eyes to focus on something
      • To focus your eyes on something carefully
      A1
      More
    • maintain

      US /menˈten/

      UK /meɪn'teɪn/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To keep saying something a certain way
      • To keep (machine) working by checking, repairing
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • mechanism

      US /ˈmɛkəˌnɪzəm/

      UK /'mekənɪzəm/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Part of a machine that performs a certain function
      • System or process for achieving a certain result
      B1
      More
    • membrane

      US /ˈmɛmˌbren/

      UK /'membreɪn/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Outside covering of a cell
      • A thin covering of tissue or of a cell
      B2
      More
    • messy

      US /ˈmɛsi/

      UK /'mesɪ/

      • Adjective
      • Being complex or difficult to fix
      • Being untidy or dirty
      A2
      More
    • mitochondrial

      US /ˌmaɪtoʊ'kɒndrɪrl/

      UK /ˌmaɪtəʊ'kɒndrɪəl/

      • Adjective
      • Referring to mitochondria
      C1
      More
    • molecular

      US /məˈlɛkjəlɚ/

      UK /mə'lekjələ(r)/

      • Adjective
      • About or caused by molecules
      B2
      More
    • occur

      US /əˈkɚ/

      UK /əˈkɜ:(r)/

      • Intransitive Verb
      • To come to pass or to happen
      • To be found to exist; to be present.
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • of course

      US /ʌv kɔː(r)s/

      UK /ɔv kɔː(r)s/

      • Adverb
      • Sure ; Certainly
      • Phrase
      • For sure; certainly
      A2
      More
    • oxidative

      US /'ɒksɪdeɪtɪv/

      UK /'ɒksɪdeɪtɪv/

      • Adjective
      • Taking place in the presence of oxygen
      C2
      More
    • oxygen

      US /ˈɑksɪdʒən/

      UK /'ɒksɪdʒən/

      • Uncountable Noun
      • A gas in the air that we need to breathe
      • Oxygen administered as a medical treatment.
      B1
      More
    • physical

      US /ˈfɪzɪkəl/

      UK /ˈfɪzɪkl/

      • Countable Noun
      • Health check at the doctors' or hospital
      • Adjective
      • Concerning the body of a person
      • Concerning things that can be seen or touched
      A2
      More
    • plasma

      US /ˈplæzmə/

      UK /ˈplæzmə/

      • Uncountable Noun
      • Substance in which the blood cells are carried
      • Gas-like substance with little electric charge
      B2
      More
    • process

      US /ˈprɑsˌɛs, ˈproˌsɛs/

      UK /prə'ses/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To organize and use data in a computer
      • To deal with official forms in the way required
      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Dealing with official forms in the way required
      • Set of changes that occur slowly and naturally
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • prolong

      US /prəˈlɔŋ, -ˈlɑŋ/

      UK /prə'lɒŋ/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To make continue for a longer amount of time
      B2TOEIC
      More
    • receptor

      US /rɪˈseptər /

      UK /rɪˈseptə(r)/

      • Noun
      • A nerve ending that changes stimuli into impulses
      B2
      More
    • release

      US /rɪ'li:s/

      UK /rɪ'li:s/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To free someone from a responsibility or burden
      • To allow a film, music etc. to be sold/distributed
      • Noun
      • Act of freeing someone from a duty or burden
      • Introduction of a new product, film, book, etc.
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • require

      US /rɪˈkwaɪr/

      UK /rɪ'kwaɪə(r)/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To demand that someone does something
      • To need to do something, to make it necessary
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • response

      US /rɪˈspɑns/

      UK /riˈspɔns/

      • Noun
      • Something said/written as an answer to something
      • Reaction to something that has occurred
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • seal

      US /sil/

      UK /si:l/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To close tightly to protect it from leaking
      • To close an envelop or package
      • Noun
      • Large fish-eating animal that lives on sea or land
      • Official mark made in hot wax to close a document
      B1
      More
    • see in

      US /si ɪn/

      UK /si: in/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To accompany someone to the entrance of a building or room.
      A1
      More
    • severe

      US /səˈvɪr/

      UK /sɪ'vɪə(r)/

      • Adjective
      • Very bad; harsh
      • (Of clothes, etc.) plain; simple; not decorated
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • specific

      US /spɪˈsɪfɪk/

      UK /spəˈsɪfɪk/

      • Adjective
      • Precise; particular; just about that thing
      • Concerning one particular thing or kind of thing
      A2
      More
    • stress

      US / strɛs/

      UK /stres/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To emphasize one or more parts of a word, sentence
      • To put pressure on something or someone
      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Emphasis on part of a word or sentence
      • Pressure on something or someone
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • stroke

      US /strok/

      UK /strəʊk/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • When blood cannot get to brain, causing damage
      • Mark made by a pen, pencil or brush
      • Transitive Verb
      • To rub your hand in a caring way on something
      B1
      More
    • such as

      US /sʌtʃ æz/

      UK /sʌtʃ æz/

      • Preposition
      • For example; like
      A1
      More
    • swell

      US /swɛl/

      UK /swel/

      • Intransitive Verb
      • To feel overcome due to a strong emotion
      • To increase in size or number larger than normal
      • Uncountable Noun
      • Being overcome from feeling a strong emotion
      • Act of growing in size or increasing in number
      B1
      More
    • trauma

      US /ˈtraʊmə/

      UK /'trɔ:mə/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • A very severe or upsetting experience
      • Serious injury to part of the body
      B2
      More
    • trigger

      US /ˈtrɪɡɚ/

      UK /'trɪɡə(r)/

      • Noun
      • Lever on a gun that you pull to fire
      • Device that starts a process
      • Transitive Verb
      • To start a process off e.g. a memory
      • To cause something to begin or happen.
      B1
      More
    • typically

      US /ˈtɪpɪklɪ/

      UK /ˈtɪpɪkli/

      • Adverb
      • In a normal or usual way
      B1
      More
    • viral

      US /ˈvaɪrəl/

      UK /ˈvaɪrəl/

      • Adjective
      • Of or caused by a virus
      • Becoming very popular by circulating quickly from person to person, especially through the Internet.
      B2
      More
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    01:03

    She took a brave step forward, leaving behind her comfort zone to chase her dreams.

    Vocabulary
    • brave

      adj. Having courage

    • comfort zone

      phr. A familiar situation where one feels safe

    Explanation
    a brave step is a noun phrase, where brave is an adjective modifying the noun step, meaning "a courageous step". forward is an adverb modifying step, meaning "ahead". The whole phrase serves as the object, answering the "what" of took (verb) — she took a brave step forward.

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    brave

    US/brev/
    UK/breɪv/
    adj.Brave
    v.t.To bravely face
    A2 Elementary

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    B2
    #apoptosis#inflammation#death#pathway#cellular#activation

    Apoptosis vs necrosis and other forms of cell death

    0
    林宜悉 posted on 2026/09/21
    Ever wondered about the different ways cells die? This video breaks down the fascinating differences between apoptosis (programmed cell death) and necrosis (uncontrolled cell death), explaining their mechanisms and consequences. You'll pick up key vocabulary like 'caspases,' 'cytochrome C,' and 'inflammatory cytokines' to boost your biology and English skills!

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