Preparing usage notes, please check back later
against the grain
US
UK
- Phrase
- Contrary to someone's natural inclinations or feelings; in opposition to what is normal or expected.
- In a direction that is perpendicular to the fibers of wood, making it difficult to work with.
A2Morearmor
US /ˈɑrmɚ/
UK /'ɑ:mə/
- Noun
- Defensive (e.g. metal) covering for bodies, things
- Transitive Verb
- To cover something in metal to protect it
C1Morebased on
US
UK
- Phrasal Verb
- To use something as the foundation or starting point for something else.
- Preposition
- Using something as the main idea or foundation.
- Relying on something as evidence or justification.
A1Moreblow
US /blo/
UK /bləʊ/
- Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
- To move something using air
- To make air come quickly out of your mouth
- Noun
- Something that causes you difficulty or sadness
- Act of making air come out of your mouth
A2Moreburst
US /bɚst/
UK /bɜ:st/
- Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
- To move (arrive, exit, etc.) suddenly or hurriedly
- To break apart/open in a sudden and violent way
- Noun
- Brief time period when something happens and ends
- A sudden outbreak or display of something.
A2Morecapacity
US /kəˈpæsɪti/
UK /kə'pæsətɪ/
- Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
- Ability to hold, involve or contain (e.g. liquids)
- Largest amount of something that can be produced
B1Morecarbohydrate
US /ˌkɑrboˈhaɪˌdret/
UK /ˌkɑ:bəʊˈhaɪdreɪt/
- Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
- Substance providing energy in foods (rice, bread)
- Any of a large group of organic compounds occurring in foods and living tissues and including sugars, starch, and cellulose. They contain hydrogen and oxygen in the same ratio as water (2:1) and typically can be broken down to release energy in the animal
B2Morecause
US /kɔz/
UK /kɔ:z/
- Noun
- Belief, goal or organization that people support
- Reason for
- Transitive Verb
- To make something happen; create effect or result
A2Morecrucial
US /ˈkruʃəl/
UK /'kru:ʃl/
- Adjective
- Extremely important or necessary
- Of great importance to the success of something.
B1Moredense
US /dɛns/
UK /dens/
- Adjective
- Very thick and difficult to see, get through
- Hard to understand
B1TOEICMoredensity
US /ˈdɛnsɪti/
UK /ˈdensəti/
- Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
- Degree to which an area is filled or covered
- The degree of compactness of a substance.
C1TOEICMoredeposit
US /dɪˈpɑzɪt/
UK /dɪ'pɒzɪt/
- Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
- Concentration of mineral left by a river
- Part payment so that an item will be kept for you
- Transitive Verb
- (Of rivers) to leave a layer of minerals, etc.
- To lay down of layers, e.g. of soil, over time
A2TOEICMoredetermine
US /dɪˈtɚmɪn/
UK /dɪ'tɜ:mɪn/
- Transitive Verb
- To control exactly how something will be or act
- To establish the facts about; discover
A2TOEICMoredistribute
US /dɪˈstrɪbjut/
UK /dɪˈstrɪbju:t/
- Transitive Verb
- To hand out or give to people
- To send products to stores to sell
A2Morediverse
US /dɪˈvɚs, daɪ-, ˈdaɪˌvɚs/
UK /daɪˈvɜ:s/
- Adjective
- Being varied or different from each other
- Very different from each other
B1TOEICMoredurability
US /ˌdjʊrəˈbɪlətɪ/
UK /ˌdjʊərə'bɪlətɪ/
- Uncountable Noun
- Product made to withstand repeated use
B2Moreessential
US /ɪˈsɛnʃəl/
UK /ɪ'senʃl/
- Adjective
- Extremely or most important and necessary
- Fundamental; basic.
- Noun
- A concentrated hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aroma compounds from plants.
B1TOEICMoreestablish
US /ɪˈstæblɪʃ/
UK /ɪˈstæblɪʃ/
- Transitive Verb
- To set or create something to last for a long time
- To use facts, evidence to show truth or clarity
A2TOEICMorefabric
US /ˈfæbrɪk/
UK /ˈfæbrɪk/
- Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
- Cloth or material
- Basic structure
B1TOEICMorefiber
US /'faɪbə/
UK /'faɪbə/
- Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
- Basic character and nature of a person
- Stringy substance found in food, e.g. wholewheat
C2Moreflex
US /flɛks/
UK /fleks/
- Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
- To move a part of the body to stretch muscles
B2Morefluffy
US /ˈflʌfi/
UK /'flʌfɪ/
- Adjective
- Containing air and being light in weight
B2Moregarment
US /ˈɡɑrmənt/
UK /'ɡɑ:mənt/
- Countable Noun
- Piece of clothing
- The business of making and selling clothes.
B2TOEICMoregenetic
US /dʒəˈnɛtɪk/
UK /dʒəˈnetɪk/
- Adjective
- Of, relating to, or controlled by genes
- Relating to genes or heredity.
B1Morego on
US /ɡo ɑn/
UK /ɡəu ɔn/
- Phrasal Verb
- To continue doing something
- To happen (usually negative)
- Interjection
- Used to encourage someone
A1Moregrain
US /ɡren/
UK /greɪn/
- Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
- Seeds of plants used for food
- Natural pattern in something, e.g. wood
B1TOEICMoregrow up
US /ɡro ʌp/
UK /ɡrəu ʌp/
- Phrasal Verb
- To develop from a child into an adult
A1Morehang together
US /hæŋ təˈɡɛðɚ/
UK /hæŋ təˈgeðə/
- other
- To stay united or cooperate closely.
B2Morehardy
US /ˈhɑrdi/
UK /'hɑ:dɪ/
- Adjective
- Able to survive cold weather, hard times
- Bold; brave.
- Proper Noun
- A surname.
B2Moreinfluence
US / ˈɪnfluəns/
UK /'ɪnflʊəns/
- Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
- To affect or change something indirectly
- To persuade someone to do something.
- Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
- The power to affect what happens, to persuade etc.
- A person or thing that affects someone or something in an important way.
A2TOEICMoreingenious
US /ɪnˈdʒinjəs/
UK /ɪnˈdʒi:niəs/
- Adjective
- Very good at making things or solving problems
- Skillfully made or planned; demonstrating inventiveness.
B2Moreintricate
US /ˈɪntrɪkɪt/
UK /ˈɪntrɪkət/
- Adjective
- Very detailed or difficult to untangle
B2TOEICMoreinvestigate
US /ɪnˈvɛstɪˌɡet/
UK /ɪn'vestɪɡeɪt/
- Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
- To try to find out facts; to carry out research
A2Moreinvisible
US /ɪnˈvɪzəbəl/
UK /ɪnˈvɪzəbl/
- Adjective
- Being unable to be seen
- Of money earned from services, instead of products
B1TOEICMorelayer
US /ˈleɚ/
UK /ˈleiə/
- Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
- One of several sheets of a material or object
- A covering of something spread over a surface.
- Transitive Verb
- To put things one on top of another
B1TOEICMoremake up
US /mek ʌp/
UK /meik ʌp/
- Phrasal Verb
- To invent or create a story
- To add up to
- Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
- To invent a story, excuse, etc.
- To compensate for something lost, missed, or deficient.
A1Moreminiature
US /ˈmɪniəˌtʃʊr, -tʃɚ, ˈmɪnə-/
UK /ˈmɪnətʃə(r)/
- Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
- Small model of something larger
- Very small painting, picture or portrait
- Adjective
- Made to be much smaller than normal
B2Moremobility
US /moˈbɪliti/
UK /məʊˈbɪləti/
- Uncountable Noun
- Ability to move
- The ability to move between different levels of society or employment.
C1Moreno matter
US
UK
- Conjunction
- Regardless of; it does not matter.
- Adverb
- Regardless of; it is not important
A1Moreon the other hand
US
UK
- Phrase
- Considering a different aspect of the matter; alternatively.
A1Moreon the surface
US /ɑn ði ˈsɚfəs/
UK /ɔn ðə ˈsə:fis/
- Phrase
- Appearing to be true or real until examined more closely.
- Located on the outer part or uppermost layer of something.
B2Moreon to
US /ɑn tu/
UK /ɔn tu:/
- Preposition
- Toward something; forward
- Aware of someone's activities.
- Adjective
- Aware of someone's deception or illegal activities.
A1Moreoptimize
US /ˈɑ:ptɪmaɪz/
UK /ˈɒptɪmaɪz/
- Transitive Verb
- To make as effective as possible
B2Morepest control
US
UK
- Uncountable Noun
- The regulation or management of species defined as a pest.
pod
US /pɑ:d/
UK /pɒd/
- Countable Noun
- Seed container that grows on plants
B2Moreprimary
US /ˈpraɪˌmɛri, -məri/
UK /'praɪmərɪ/
- Adjective
- Most important, most basic or essential
- Happening first; earliest
B2Morereinforce
US /ˌri:ɪnˈfɔ:rs/
UK /ˌri:ɪnˈfɔ:s/
- Transitive Verb
- To send more troops/resources to support an army
- To encourage or strengthen an idea or feeling
B2TOEICMoreresilient
US /rɪˈzɪljənt/
UK /rɪ'zɪlɪənt/
- Adjective
- Recovering quickly from something bad
- Able to withstand or recover quickly from difficult conditions.
B2Morerigid
US /ˈrɪdʒɪd/
UK /ˈrɪdʒɪd/
- Adjective
- Stiff rather than flexible
- Very fixed in your opinion or habits
B1Morerough
US /rʌf/
UK /rʌf/
- Adjective
- Causing or involving violence, force, and harm
- (Of situations) tough; difficult to get through
- Adverb
- In a manner that is difficult, or violent
A2Moreseemingly
US /ˈsiːmɪŋli/
UK /ˈsi:mɪŋli/
- Adverb
- Appearing to be but may not actually be; probably
B1Moresharp
US /ʃɑrp/
UK /ʃɑ:p/
- Proper Noun
- Person's name
- Adjective
- Being very clear and easy to see
- (Of clothes) nicely or stylishly
A2TOEICMorestrength
US /strɛŋkθ, strɛŋθ, strɛnθ/
UK /streŋθ/
- Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
- Condition of being strong
- The quality or state of being physically strong.
A2TOEICMorestrengthen
US /ˈstrɛŋkθən,ˈstrɛŋ-,ˈstrɛn-/
UK /ˈstreŋθn/
- Transitive Verb
- To make something stronger
A2TOEICMoresturdy
US /ˈstɜ:rdi/
UK /ˈstɜ:di/
- Adjective
- Substantially made or built; strong
C2Moresurface
US /ˈsɚfəs/
UK /'sɜ:fɪs/
- Transitive Verb
- To give (road) a top layer
- Intransitive Verb
- To appear after being hidden, unseen, or unknown
- To come to the top of something; emerge
A2TOEICMoreswiftly
US /ˈswɪftlɪ/
UK /swɪftlɪ/
- Adverb
- Quickly
B2Moretemperature
US /ˈtɛmpərəˌtʃʊr,-tʃɚ,ˈtɛmprə-/
UK /ˈtemprətʃə(r)/
- Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
- When you your body heat is above normal
- How hot or cold something is, e.g. the weather
A2Morethread
US /θrɛd/
UK /θred/
- Noun
- Spiral cut at the end of a bolt
- A long, very thin, material used to sew cloth
- Transitive Verb
- To move yourself through a crowded or narrow space
- To put wire, string, etc. through a hole or needle
B1TOEICMorewithstand
US /wɪθˈstænd, wɪð-/
UK /wɪðˈstænd/
- Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
- To remain unaffected by something or someone
B1TOEICMorewrap
US /ræp/
UK /ræp/
- Countable Noun
- Piece of clothing worn loosely on the shoulders
- Thin bread filled with food and rolled
- Transitive Verb
- To be or move around something
- To cover something with paper or a cloth e.g. gift
B1Morewrap around
US /ræp əˈraʊnd/
UK /ræp əˈraund/
- Phrasal Verb
- To encircle or surround something.
- To extend or stretch around something.
A2Moreyarn
US /jɑrn/
UK /jɑ:n/
- Intransitive Verb
- To tell or spin a yarn or story
- Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
- A continuous twisted strand or thread
C1TOEICMore
