that make up the highest canopy.

These are the oldest trees,

with hundreds of children and thousands of grandchildren.

They check in with their neighbors, sharing food, supplies,

and wisdom gained over their long lives.

They do all this rooted in place, unable to speak, reach out, or move around.

The secret to their success lies under the forest floor,

where vast root systems support the towering trunks above.

Partnering with these roots are symbiotic fungi called mycorrhizae.

These fungi have countless branching, thread-like hyphae

that together make up the mycelium.

The mycelium spreads across a much larger area than the tree root system

and connect the roots of different trees together.

These connections form mycorrhizal networks.

Through mycorrhizal networks,

fungi can pass resources and signaling molecules between trees.

We know the oldest trees have the largest mycorrhizal networks

with the most connections to other trees,

but these connections are incredibly complicated to trace.

That's because there are about a hundred species of mycorrhizal fungi–

and an individual tree might be colonized by dozens of different fungal organisms,

each of which connects to a unique set of other trees,

which in turn each have their own unique set of fungal associations.

To get a sense of how substances flow through this network,

let's zoom in on sugars,

as they travel from a mature tree to a neighboring seedling.

Sugar's journey starts high above the ground,

in the leaves of the tallest trees above the canopy.

The leaves use the ample sunlight up there to create sugars through photosynthesis.

This essential fuel then travels through the tree

to the base of the trunk in the thick sap.

From there, sugar flows down to the roots.

Mycorrhizal fungi encounter the tips of the roots

and either surround or penetrate the outer root cells,

depending on the type of fungi.

Fungi cannot produce sugars, though they need them for fuel just like trees do.

They can, however,

collect nutrients from the soil much more efficiently than tree roots—

and pass these nutrients into the tree roots.

In general,

substances flow from where they are more abundant to where they are less abundant,

or from source to sink.

That means that the sugars flow from the tree roots into the fungal hyphae.

Once the sugars enter the fungus,

they travel along the hyphae through pores between cells

or through special hollow transporter hyphae.

The fungus absorbs some of the sugars,

but some travels on and enters the roots of a neighboring tree,

a seedling that grows in the shade and has less opportunity

to photosynthesize sugars.

But why does fungus transport resources from tree to tree?

This is one of the mysteries of the mycorrhizal networks.

It makes sense for fungus to exchange soil nutrients and sugar with a tree—

both parties benefit.

The fungus likely benefits in less obvious ways from being part of a network

between trees, but the exact ways aren't totally clear.

Maybe the fungus benefits from having connections

with as many different trees as possible,

and maximizes its connections by shuttling molecules between trees.

Or maybe plants reduce their contributions to fungi

if the fungi don't facilitate exchanges between trees.

Whatever the reasons,

these fungi pass an incredible amount of information between trees.

Through the mycorrhizae, trees can tell when nutrients or signaling molecules

are coming from a member of their own species or not.

They can even tell when information is coming from a close relative

like a sibling or parent.

Trees can also share information about events like drought

or insect attacks through their fungal networks,

causing their neighbors to increase production of protective enzymes

in anticipation of threats.

The forest's health relies on these intricate communications and exchanges.

With everything so deeply interconnected,

what impacts one species is bound to impact others.