I realized that I could actually play a role

in solving one of the biggest problems that faces mankind today,

and that is the problem of climate change.

It also dawned on me that I had been working for 30 years or more

just to get to this point in my life

where I could actually make this contribution to a bigger problem.

And every experiment that I have done in my lab

over the last 30 years

and people who work for me did in my lab over the last 30 years

has been directed toward doing the really big experiment,

this one last big experiment.

So who am I?

I'm a plant geneticist.

I live in a world where there's too much CO2 in the atmosphere

because of human activity.

But I've come to appreciate the plants

as amazing machines that they are,

whose job has been, really, to just suck up CO2.

And they do it so well,

because they've been doing it for over 500 million years.

And they're really good at it.

And so ...

I also have some urgency I want to tell you about.

As a mother, I want to give my two children a better world

than I inherited from my parents,

it would be nicer to keep it going in the right direction,

not the bad direction.

But I also ...

I've had Parkinson's for the last 15 years,

and this gives me a sense of urgency that I want to do this now,

while I feel good enough to really be part of this team.

And I have an incredible team.

We all work together,

and this is something we want to do because we have fun.

And if you're only going to have five people trying to save the planet,

you better like each other,

because you're going to be spending a lot of time together.

(Laughter)

OK, alright. But enough about me.

Let's talk about CO2.

CO2 is the star of my talk.

Now, most of you probably think of CO2 as a pollutant.

Or perhaps you think of CO2 as the villain in the novel, you know?

It's always the dark side of CO2.

But as a plant biologist, I see the other side of CO2, actually.

And that CO2 that we see,

we see it differently because I think we remember, as plant biologists,

something you may have forgotten.

And that is that plants actually do this process called photosynthesis.

And when they do photosynthesis --

all carbon-based life on our earth

is all because of the CO2 that plants and other photosynthetic microbes

have dragged in from CO2 that was in the atmosphere.

And almost all of the carbon in your body came from air, basically.

So you come from air,

and it's because of photosynthesis,

because what plants do is they use the energy in sunlight,

take that CO2 and fix it into sugars.

It's a great thing.

And the other thing that is really important

for what I'm going to tell you today

is that plants and other photosynthetic microbes

have a great capacity for doing this --

twentyfold or more than the amount of CO2 that we put up

because of our human activities.

And so, even though we're not doing a great job

at cutting our emissions and things,

plants have the capacity,

as photosynthetic organisms, to help out.

So we're hoping that's what they'll do.

But there's a catch here.

We have to help the plants a little ourselves,

because what plants like to do is put most of the CO2 into sugars.

And when the end of the growing season comes,

the plant dies and decomposes,

and then all that work they did to suck out the CO2 from the atmosphere

and make carbon-based biomass

is now basically going right back up in the atmosphere as CO2.

So how can we get plants to redistribute the CO2 they bring in

into something that's a little more stable?

And so it turns out that plants make this product,

and it's called suberin.

This is a natural product that is in all plant roots.

And suberin is really cool,

because as you can see there, I hope,

everywhere you see a black dot, that's a carbon.

There's hundreds of them in this molecule.

And where you see those few red dots,

those are oxygens.

And oxygen is what microbes like to find

so they can decompose a plant.

So you can see why this is a perfect carbon storage device.

And actually it can stabilize the carbon that gets fixed by the plant

into something that's a little bit better for the plant.

And so, why now?

Why is now a good time to do a biological solution to this problem?

It's because over the last 30 or so years --

and I know that's a long time, you're saying, "Why now?" --

but 30 years ago, we began to understand

the functions of all the genes that are in an organism in general.

And that included humans as well as plants

and many other complicated eukaryotes.

And so, what did the 1980s begin?

What began then is that we now know

the function of many of the genes that are in a plant

that tell a plant to grow.

And that has now converged with the fact that we can do genomics

in a faster and cheaper way than we ever did before.

And what that tells us is that all life on earth is really related,

but plants are more related to each other than other organisms.

And that you can take a trait that you know from one plant

and put it in another plant,

and you can make a prediction that it'll do the same thing.

And so that's important as well.

Then finally, we have these little genetic tricks that came along,

like you heard about this morning --

things like CRISPR, that allows us to do editing

and make genes be a little different from the normal state in the plant.

OK, so now we have biology on our side.

I'm a biologist, so that's why I'm proposing a solution

to the climate change problem

that really involves the best evolved organism on earth to do it -- plants.

So how are we going to do it?

Biology comes to the rescue.

Here we go.

OK.

You have to remember three simple things from my talk, OK?

We have to get plants to make more suberin than they normally make,

because we need them to be a little better than what they are.

We have to get them to make more roots,

because if we make more roots, we can make more suberin --

now we have more of the cells that suberin likes to accumulate in.

And then the third thing is, we want the plants to have deeper roots.

And what that does is --

we're asking the plant, actually, "OK, make stable carbon,

more than you used to,

and then bury it for us in the ground."

So they can do that if they make roots that go deep

rather than meander around on the surface of the soil.

Those are the three traits we want to change:

more suberin, more roots, and the last one, deep roots.

Then we want to combine all those traits in one plant,

and we can do that easily and we will do it,

and we are doing it actually, in the model plant, Arabidopsis,

which allows us to do these experiments much faster

than we can do in another big plant.

And when we find that we have plants where traits all add up

and we can get more of them, more suberin in those plants,

we're going to move it all --

we can and we we will, we're beginning to do this --

move it to crop plants.

And I'll tell you why we're picking crop plants to do the work for us

when I get to that part of my talk.

OK, so I think this is the science behind the whole thing.

And so I know we can do the science, I feel pretty confident about that.

And the reason is because, just in the last year,

we've been able to find single genes that affect each of those three traits.

And in several of those cases, two out of the three,

we have more than one way to get there.

So that tells us we might be able to even combine within a trait

and get even more suberin.

This shows one result,

where we have a plant here on the right

that's making more than double the amount of root

than the plant on the left,

and that's just because of the way we expressed one gene

that's normally in the plant

in a slightly different way than the plant usually does on its own.

Alright, so that's just one example I wanted to show you.

And now I want to tell you that, you know,

we still have a lot of challenges, actually,