which was published in 1851,

into a giant rectangle,

you may notice some peculiar patterns,

like these words,

which seem to predict the assassination of Martin Luther King,

or these references to the 1997 death of Princess Di.

So, was Herman Melville a secret prophet?

The answer is no,

and we know that thanks to a mathematical principle called Ramsey theory.

It's the reason we can find geometric shapes in the night sky,

it's why we can know without checking

that at least two people in London

have exactly the same number of hairs on their head,

and it explains why patterns can be found in just about any text,

even Vanilla Ice lyrics.

So what is Ramsey theory?

Simply put, it states that given enough elements in a set or structure,

some particular interesting pattern among them is guaranteed to emerge.

As a simple example, let's look at what's called the party problem,

a classic illustration of Ramsey theory.

Suppose there are at least six people at a party.

Amazingly enough, we can say for sure

that some group of three of them either all know each other,

or have never met before,

without knowing a single thing about them.

We can demonstrate that by graphing out all the possibilities.

Each point represents a person,

and a line indicates that the pair know each other.

Every pair only has two possibilities: they either know each other or they don't.

There are a lot of possibilities,

but every single one has the property that we're looking for.

Six is the lowest number of guests where that's guaranteed to be the case,

which we can express like this.

Ramsey theory gives us a guarantee

that such a minimum number exists for certain patterns,

but no easy way to find it.

In this case, as the total number of guests grows higher,

the combinations get out of control.

For instance, say you're trying to find out the minimum size of a party

where there's a group of five people who all know each other or all don't.

Despite five being a small number,

the answer is virtually impossible to discover

through an exhaustive search like this.

That's because of the sheer volume of possibilities.

A party with 48 guests has 2^(1128) possible configurations,

more than the number of atoms in the Universe.

Even with the help of computers,

the best we know is that the answer to this question

is somewhere between 43 and 49 guests.

What this shows us is that specific patterns

with seemingly astronomical odds

can emerge from a relatively small set.

And with a very large set, the possibilities are almost endless.

Any four stars where no three lie in a straight line

will form some quadrilateral shape.

Expand that to the thousands of stars we can see in the sky,

and it's no surprise that we can find all sorts of familiar shapes,

and even creatures if we look for them.

So what are the chances of a text concealing a prophecy?

Well, when you factor in the number of letters,

the variety of possible related words,

and all their abbreviations and alternate spellings,

they're pretty high.

You can try it yourself.

Just pick a favorite text,

arrange the letters in a grid,

and see what you can find.

The mathematician T.S. Motzkin once remarked that,

"while disorder is more probable in general,

complete disorder is impossible."

The sheer size of the Universe guarantees that some of its random elements

will fall into specific arrangements,

and because we evolved to notice patterns and pick out signals among the noise,

we are often tempted to find intentional meaning where there may not be any.

So while we may be awed by hidden messages in everything from books,

to pieces of toast,

to the night sky,

their real origin is usually our own minds.