Vocabulary

  • over time: Gradually; as time passes.
  • of course: Sure ; Certainly
  • in fact: Used to emphasize the truth of a statement, especially one that contrasts with or contradicts something else.
  • instead of: When one thing is replaced by another
  • fill in: To put earth in e.g. a hole
  • look at: To use your eyes to focus on something
  • in the long run: Eventually; over a long period of time.
  • shake up: To completely rethink or reorganize something
  • barely survived: To manage to live or exist, despite nearly dying or being destroyed.
  • back then: At that time in the past.
  • talking about: To discuss a particular topic.
  • on to: Toward something; forward
  • move on: To decide to change or go to a different place
  • game on: An exclamation indicating the start of a game or activity.
  • in some places: In certain locations or areas, but not all.
  • on earth: Used to emphasize a question expressing surprise or anger.
  • as a result of: Because of something; owing to.
  • back to normal: Returned to the usual or expected state or condition.
  • get back to: To get in contact with someone again
  • at least: As a minimum
  • in terms of
  • take over: To gain control of (a company) from someone else
  • to do with: To be about something; concern
  • take out: To apply for and get a license
  • fit into: To be small enough to go inside something.
  • on the other hand : Considering a different aspect of the matter; alternatively.
  • at the same time: Simultaneously; at the identical moment.
  • same time: Occurring simultaneously or at the same point in time.
  • by and large: Generally; on the whole; mostly.
  • let it happen: To allow something to occur without interference or resistance.
  • burn down: To destroy (usually buildings) by burning
  • lead to: To result in some action
  • time: Speed at which music is played; tempo
  • tree: Tall green plants in a forest
  • change: To exchange one set of clothes for another
  • long: Person's name
  • remember: To give someone a gift, e.g. birthday, wedding
  • big: Popular
  • ended: To be the last part of something
  • life: All the living things e.g. animals, plants, humans
  • nice: Being attractive or of high quality or value
  • weather: Whether it is raining, sunny, cold etc. outside
  • small: Little in size; not big
  • important: Having power or authority
  • park: Person's name
  • kind: In a caring and helpful manner
  • early: Coming/happening before others in a time sequence
  • forest: Large area with many trees
  • fall: Season after summer and before winter; Autumn
  • happen: To take place or occur
  • level: Specific height of something
  • rent: To give the use of something in return for payment
  • point: An item to be discussed
  • area: Amount of measured space
  • full: Containing all the parts; complete
  • pretty: Being attractive to the eye in a simple way
  • high: Excited or relaxed from taking drugs
  • call: A order or request for action
  • normal: Standard or regular way of doing something
  • fire: Heat and the flame produced when burning
  • single: One run in cricket or a hit baseball
  • primary: Most important, most basic or essential
  • intermediate: Between; in the middle; moderate
  • tiny: Very, very small
  • burn: To destroy with fire
  • planet: One of the bodies that orbit the sun
  • complicated: To make more difficult to do, understand or use
  • flood: To quickly appear unexpectedly and in volume
  • predict: To guess or estimate what will or might happen
  • secondary: Being of less importance than something else
  • landscape: Area or scene of activity, especially in politics
  • develop: To explain something in steps and in detail
  • universe: All of space that contains planets and stars
  • event: Any social gathering; occasion; planned activity
  • allow: To admit the validity or truth of something
  • bunch: A group of things of the same kind
  • disturbance: Public incident in which some people act badly
  • community: Group of people who share a common idea or area
  • ecological: Concerning the environment, plants, or animals
  • unpredictable: Difficult to guess about (the future)
  • episode: One separate event in a series of events
  • survive: To continue to live despite illness or trouble
  • predictable: Capable of being guessed before it happens
  • constant: Happening frequently or without pause
  • scale: Size, level, or amount when compared
  • variability: (Statistics) degree scores depart from the mean
  • slightly: Only a little
  • flame: To glow
  • fossil: Plant or animal that became rock after many years
  • settle: To make (a child, etc.) feel calm/ready for sleep
  • ecology: Study of plants, animals and their environments
  • extinction: When every example of animal, plant is dead
  • stable: In a position where something does not fall over
  • stability: Quality or state of being even or consistent
  • randomness: Degree of being without pattern, intent or order
  • populate: To live in a particular area, as a group
  • stabilize: To make stable/consistent, with no major changes
  • exclusively: For the use of only one person or group
  • patch: Cover worn over an eye to protect or hide it
  • catastrophic: Causing a lot of damage or suffering
  • wilderness: Rural area left natural and largely untouched
  • succession: Act of officially taking over someone's position
  • biodiversity: The variation of life forms in an environment
  • ecosystem: Types of plants and animals in an specific area
  • asteroid: Very small planets that move around the sun
  • climax: Most exciting, intense point in a series of events
  • vascular: Of tubes through which fluids flow in body/plant
  • mosaic: A mixture of various elements
  • flora: Group of all plants that grow in a particular area
  • glacial: Being extremely and especially cold
  • decompose: To cause (chemical) to separate into smaller parts
  • precipitation: Material that falls from sky; rain, snow or hail
  • stochastic: Being or having a random variable
  • hardy: Able to survive cold weather, hard times
  • fauna: All of the animals living in a certain area, time
  • desolation: State of being decayed or destroyed
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    • as a result of

      US

      UK

      • Phrase
      • Because of something; owing to.
      A1
      More
    • asteroid

      US /ˈæstəˌrɔɪd/

      UK /ˈæstərɔɪd/

      • Noun
      • Very small planets that move around the sun
      B2
      More
    • at least

      US /æt list/

      UK /æt li:st/

      • Adverb
      • As a minimum
      • Not less than
      • Phrase
      • No less than; at the minimum
      • Used to indicate that something is positive in a bad situation.
      C2
      More
    • at the same time

      US

      UK

      • Phrase
      • Simultaneously; at the identical moment.
      • Nevertheless; however; used to introduce a contrasting or qualifying statement.
      A1
      More
    • back then

      US

      UK

      • Phrase
      • At that time in the past.
      A1
      More
    • back to normal

      US

      UK

      • Adjective
      • Returned to the usual or expected state or condition.
      • Phrase
      • In the usual or ordinary way; as things were before.
      A2
      More
    • barely survived

      US

      UK

      • Intransitive Verb
      • To manage to live or exist, despite nearly dying or being destroyed.
      More
    • bunch

      US /bʌntʃ/

      UK /bʌntʃ/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • A group of things of the same kind
      • A group of people.
      • Transitive Verb
      • To group people or things closely together
      B1
      More
    • burn down

      US /bɚn daʊn/

      UK /bə:n daun/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To destroy (usually buildings) by burning
      A1
      More
    • by and large

      US /baɪ ənd lɑrdʒ/

      UK /bai ænd lɑ:dʒ/

      • Phrase
      • Generally; on the whole; mostly.
      • Taking everything into consideration; all things considered.
      A2
      More
    • catastrophic

      US /ˌkætəˈstrɑfɪk/

      UK /ˌkætə'strɒfɪk/

      • Adjective
      • Causing a lot of damage or suffering
      B2
      More
    • climax

      US /ˈklaɪˌmæks/

      UK /ˈklaɪmæks/

      • Noun
      • Most exciting, intense point in a series of events
      • Intransitive Verb
      • To reach the most intense and exciting part
      B2
      More
    • community

      US /kəˈmjunɪti/

      UK /kə'mju:nətɪ/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Group of people who share a common idea or area
      • A feeling of fellowship with others, as a result of sharing common attitudes, interests, and goals.
      • Adjective
      • Relating to or shared by the people in a particular area.
      • Shared or participated in by all members of a group
      A2
      More
    • complicated

      US /ˈkɑmplɪˌketɪd/

      UK /'kɒmplɪkeɪtɪd/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To make more difficult to do, understand or use
      • Adjective
      • Difficult to do, understand or use
      • Involving many different and confusing aspects.
      B1
      More
    • constant

      US /ˈkɑnstənt/

      UK /'kɒnstənt/

      • Adjective
      • Happening frequently or without pause
      • Remaining the same over time or not changing.
      • Noun
      • Thing that happens always or at a regular rate
      • A physical quantity that is believed to have a fixed value and is used in calculations.
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • decompose

      US /ˌdi:kəmˈpoʊz/

      UK /ˌdi:kəmˈpəʊz/

      • Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
      • To cause (chemical) to separate into smaller parts
      • To gradually be destroyed by natural processes
      B2
      More
    • desolation

      US /ˌdɛsəˈleʃən, ˌdɛz-/

      UK /ˌdesəˈleɪʃn/

      • Uncountable Noun
      • State of being decayed or destroyed
      B2
      More
    • disturbance

      US /dɪˈstɚbəns/

      UK /dɪˈstɜ:bəns/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Public incident in which some people act badly
      • Being disturbed; something that causes disruption
      A2
      More
    • ecological

      US /ˌi:kəˈlɑ:dʒɪkl/

      UK /ˌi:kəˈlɒdʒɪkl/

      • Adjective
      • Concerning the environment, plants, or animals
      B1
      More
    • ecology

      US /ɪˈkɑlədʒi/

      UK /ɪ'kɒlədʒɪ/

      • Uncountable Noun
      • Study of plants, animals and their environments
      B1
      More
    • ecosystem

      US /ˈɛkoˌsɪstəm, ˈiko-/

      UK /ˈi:kəʊsɪstəm/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Types of plants and animals in an specific area
      • A network of interconnected companies, technologies, and services that interact to create value.
      B1
      More
    • episode

      US /ˈɛpɪˌsod/

      UK /'epɪsəʊd/

      • Noun
      • One separate event in a series of events
      • Show which is part of a larger story
      B1TOEIC
      More
    • exclusively

      US /ɪkˈsklusɪvlɪ/

      UK /ɪk'sklu:sɪvlɪ/

      • Adverb
      • For the use of only one person or group
      • Completely; without anything else being involved.
      B2TOEIC
      More
    • extinction

      US /ɪkˈstɪŋkʃən/

      UK /ɪkˈstɪŋkʃn/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • When every example of animal, plant is dead
      • The process of something ceasing to exist or be active.
      B1
      More
    • fauna

      US /'fɔ:nə/

      UK /'fɔ:nə/

      • Noun
      • All of the animals living in a certain area, time
      B2
      More
    • fill in

      US /fɪl ɪn/

      UK /fil in/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To put earth in e.g. a hole
      • To explain the context so that someone understands
      • Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
      • To write or type information in a blank space.
      • To temporarily do someone else's job.
      A1
      More
    • fit into

      US /fɪt ˈɪntu/

      UK /fit ˈɪntuː/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To be small enough to go inside something.
      • To feel like you belong to a group.
      A2
      More
    • flame

      US /flem/

      UK /fleɪm/

      • Intransitive Verb
      • To glow
      • To burn or glow in a fire
      • Noun
      • The red part you can see in fire
      A2
      More
    • flood

      US /flʌd/

      UK /flʌd/

      • Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
      • To quickly appear unexpectedly and in volume
      • (Of liquid) to fill or cover something completely
      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • A quick unexpectedly volume of something
      • Large number of people or things arriving at once
      B1
      More
    • flora

      US /'flɔ:rə/

      UK /'flɔ:rə/

      • Noun
      • Group of all plants that grow in a particular area
      B2
      More
    • fossil

      US /ˈfɑsəl/

      UK /'fɒsl/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Plant or animal that became rock after many years
      • A person or thing that is outdated or no longer useful.
      • Adjective
      • Relating to or resembling a fossil.
      • Relating to or denoting energy generated from fossil fuels.
      B1
      More
    • game on

      US /ɡem ɑn/

      UK /ɡeim ɔn/

      • Interjection
      • An exclamation indicating the start of a game or activity.
      • An exclamation indicating acceptance of a challenge.
      A1
      More
    • get back to

      US /ɡɛt bæk tu/

      UK /ɡet bæk tu:/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To get in contact with someone again
      • To return to someone or something; to respond at a later time.
      A1
      More
    • glacial

      US /ˈɡleʃəl/

      UK /ˈgleɪʃl/

      • Adjective
      • Being extremely and especially cold
      • Concerning, produced, caused by ice and glaciers
      C1
      More
    • hardy

      US /ˈhɑrdi/

      UK /'hɑ:dɪ/

      • Adjective
      • Able to survive cold weather, hard times
      • Bold; brave.
      • Proper Noun
      • A surname.
      B2
      More
    • in fact

      US /ɪn fækt/

      UK /in fækt/

      • Adverb
      • Used to emphasize the truth of a statement, especially one that contrasts with or contradicts something else.
      • Used to introduce a more detailed or surprising piece of information.
      • Phrase
      • Used to emphasize the truth of a statement, especially one that is surprising or contrary to what might be expected.
      C1
      More
    • in some places

      US

      UK

      • Phrase
      • In certain locations or areas, but not all.
      A1
      More
    • in terms of

      US

      UK

      • Phrase
      • With regard to; concerning a particular aspect.
      A1
      More
    • in the long run

      US

      UK

      • Phrase
      • Eventually; over a long period of time.
      A1
      More
    • instead of

      US /ɪnˈstɛd ʌv/

      UK /inˈsted ɔv/

      • Preposition
      • When one thing is replaced by another
      • Adverb
      • As a substitute or alternative.
      A1
      More
    • intermediate

      US /ˌɪntɚˈmidiɪt/

      UK /ˌɪntəˈmi:diət/

      • Adjective
      • Between; in the middle; moderate
      • Having some knowledge but not advanced
      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Person with some knowledge but not advanced
      • Something that comes between two things in time, place, character, etc.
      B1
      More
    • landscape

      US /ˈlændˌskep/

      UK /'lændskeɪp/

      • Noun
      • Area or scene of activity, especially in politics
      • Picture of natural scenery in a place
      • Transitive Verb
      • To make gardens that improve an area of land
      B1TOEIC
      More
    • lead to

      US /lid tu/

      UK /li:d tu:/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To result in some action
      • Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
      • To have something as a consequence or result.
      A1
      More
    • let it happen

      US

      UK

      • Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
      • To allow something to occur without interference or resistance.
      A2
      More
    • level

      US /ˈlɛvəl/

      UK /'levl/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Specific height of something
      • Amount of ability you have compared to others
      • Transitive Verb
      • To aim a gun at someone
      • To destroy a building; flatten an area completely
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • look at

      US /lʊk æt/

      UK /luk æt/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To use your eyes to focus on something
      • To focus your eyes on something carefully
      A1
      More
    • mosaic

      US /moʊˈzeɪɪk/

      UK /məʊˈzeɪɪk/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • A mixture of various elements
      • Pattern made of pieces of colored stone or glass
      B2
      More
    • move on

      US /muv ɑn/

      UK /mu:v ɔn/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To decide to change or go to a different place
      • To start talking about something different.
      A1
      More
    • of course

      US /ʌv kɔː(r)s/

      UK /ɔv kɔː(r)s/

      • Adverb
      • Sure ; Certainly
      • Phrase
      • For sure; certainly
      A2
      More
    • on earth

      US /ɑn ɚθ/

      UK /ɔn ə:θ/

      • Phrase
      • Used to emphasize a question expressing surprise or anger.
      • Used to emphasize that something is not possible or will not happen.
      A1
      More
    • on the other hand

      US

      UK

      • Phrase
      • Considering a different aspect of the matter; alternatively.
      A1
      More
    • on to

      US /ɑn tu/

      UK /ɔn tu:/

      • Preposition
      • Toward something; forward
      • Aware of someone's activities.
      • Adjective
      • Aware of someone's deception or illegal activities.
      A1
      More
    • over time

      US /ˈovɚ taɪm/

      UK /ˈəuvə taim/

      • Phrase
      • Gradually; as time passes.
      • During a long period.
      • Adverb
      • Gradually; as time passes.
      B1
      More
    • patch

      US /pætʃ/

      UK /pætʃ/

      • Noun
      • Cover worn over an eye to protect or hide it
      • Piece of ground on vegetation grows
      • Transitive Verb
      • To join or unite, e.g. two phone calls
      • To repair hole by sewing a piece of cloth over it
      B1TOEIC
      More
    • planet

      US /ˈplænɪt/

      UK /'plænɪt/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • One of the bodies that orbit the sun
      • A different world or sphere of existence.
      • Proper Noun
      • The earth.
      A2
      More
    • populate

      US /ˈpɑpjəˌlet/

      UK /'pɒpjʊleɪt/

      • Intransitive Verb
      • To live in a particular area, as a group
      A2
      More
    • precipitation

      US /prɪˌsɪpɪˈteʃən/

      UK /prɪˌsɪpɪˈteɪʃn/

      • Uncountable Noun
      • Material that falls from sky; rain, snow or hail
      • Chemical process of separating solids from liquids
      B2
      More
    • predict

      US /prɪˈdɪkt/

      UK /prɪ'dɪkt/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To guess or estimate what will or might happen
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • predictable

      US /prɪˈdɪktəbl/

      UK /prɪˈdɪktəbl/

      • Adjective
      • Capable of being guessed before it happens
      B1TOEIC
      More
    • primary

      US /ˈpraɪˌmɛri, -məri/

      UK /'praɪmərɪ/

      • Adjective
      • Most important, most basic or essential
      • Happening first; earliest
      B2
      More
    • randomness

      US /'rændəmnəs/

      UK /'rændəmnəs/

      • Uncountable Noun
      • Degree of being without pattern, intent or order
      B1
      More
    • rent

      US /rɛnt/

      UK /rent/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To give the use of something in return for payment
      • To cut a piece of cloth by tearing it
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • same time

      US

      UK

      • Phrase
      • Occurring simultaneously or at the same point in time.
      • At the identical time as before; recurring at a fixed hour.
      • Noun
      • An equal duration or period.
      A1
      More
    • scale

      US /skel/

      UK /skeɪl/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Size, level, or amount when compared
      • Small hard plates that cover the body of fish
      • Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
      • To change the size of but keep the proportions
      • To climb something large (e.g. a mountain)
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • settle

      US /ˈsɛtl/

      UK /'setl/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To make (a child, etc.) feel calm/ready for sleep
      • To complete or finalize e.g. a contract or debt
      • Intransitive Verb
      • To become accustomed to a new environment
      • (Of liquids) to move to the bottom of a container
      A2
      More
    • shake up

      US /ʃek ʌp/

      UK /ʃeik ʌp/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To completely rethink or reorganize something
      A2
      More
    • slightly

      US /ˈslaɪtli/

      UK /ˈslaɪtli/

      • Adverb
      • Only a little
      B1
      More
    • stability

      US /stəˈbɪlɪti/

      UK /stəˈbɪləti/

      • Uncountable Noun
      • Quality or state of being even or consistent
      A2
      More
    • stabilize

      US /ˈstebəˌlaɪz/

      UK /'steɪbəlaɪz/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To make stable/consistent, with no major changes
      B1
      More
    • stable

      US /ˈstebəl/

      UK /'steɪbl/

      • Adjective
      • In a position where something does not fall over
      • Having a chemical state that is not easily changed
      • Countable Noun
      • Group of racing horses that belong to one owner
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • stochastic

      US /stə'kæstɪk/

      UK /stə'kæstɪk/

      • Adjective
      • Being or having a random variable
      C2
      More
    • succession

      US /səkˈsɛʃən/

      UK /səkˈseʃn/

      • Uncountable Noun
      • Act of officially taking over someone's position
      • Things that happen one after another in a series
      B2
      More
    • survive

      US /sɚˈvaɪv/

      UK /sə'vaɪv/

      • Intransitive Verb
      • To continue to live despite illness or trouble
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • take out

      US /tek aʊt/

      UK /teik aut/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To apply for and get a license
      • To take someone on a date
      • Uncountable Noun
      • Food purchased at a restaurant to eat elsewhere.
      A1
      More
    • take over

      US /tek ˈovɚ/

      UK /teik ˈəuvə/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To gain control of (a company) from someone else
      • To assume control or possession of something.
      A1
      More
    • talking about

      US

      UK

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To discuss a particular topic.
      • To be constantly mentioning or bringing up a subject.
      A1
      More
    • tiny

      US /ˈtaɪni/

      UK /'taɪnɪ/

      • Adjective
      • Very, very small
      A2
      More
    • to do with

      US

      UK

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To be about something; concern
      A1
      More
    • universe

      US /ˈjunəˌvɚs/

      UK /ˈju:nɪvɜ:s/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • All of space that contains planets and stars
      • Things surrounding a person, affecting their life
      B2
      More
    • unpredictable

      US /ˌʌnprɪˈdɪktəbəl/

      UK /ˌʌnprɪˈdɪktəbl/

      • Adjective
      • Difficult to guess about (the future)
      • Characterized by erratic or inconsistent behavior.
      B1
      More
    • variability

      US /ˌvɛrɪəˈbɪlətɪ/

      UK /ˌveəriəˈbɪləti/

      • Uncountable Noun
      • (Statistics) degree scores depart from the mean
      B1
      More
    • vascular

      US /ˈvæskjəlɚ/

      UK /ˈvæskjələ(r)/

      • Adjective
      • Of tubes through which fluids flow in body/plant
      C1
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    • wilderness

      US /ˈwɪldənɪs/

      UK /'wɪldənəs/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Rural area left natural and largely untouched
      B1
      More
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    01:03

    She took a brave step forward, leaving behind her comfort zone to chase her dreams.

    Vocabulary
    • brave

      adj. Having courage

    • comfort zone

      phr. A familiar situation where one feels safe

    Explanation
    a brave step is a noun phrase, where brave is an adjective modifying the noun step, meaning "a courageous step". forward is an adverb modifying step, meaning "ahead". The whole phrase serves as the object, answering the "what" of took (verb) — she took a brave step forward.

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    brave

    US/brev/
    UK/breɪv/
    adj.Brave
    v.t.To bravely face
    A2 Elementary

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    #CrashCourse#succession#disturbance#biodiversity#forest#ecosystem

    Ecological Succession: Change is Good - Crash Course Ecology #6

    0
    cyrain posted on 2013/09/25
    Ever wonder how nature bounces back after a massive disaster? This Crash Course Ecology video dives into ecological succession, showing you how life reclaims even the most devastated landscapes, like after the Permian-Triassic extinction! You'll pick up some awesome vocabulary related to pioneer species and biodiversity, perfect for understanding how change can actually be a good thing in nature.

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