I would like to talk about something that will help you understand English,

and it's two things.

Number one are parts of speech.

What are the parts of speech and how do you use them?

The second is called syntax, which is a very complicated word for word order.

Where do you put the words in a sentence?

In some languages they have a different word order, some languages it doesn't really matter,

but what my job today is, is to show you where the words go and:

What do they basically mean-okay-in the parts of speech?

As E said: "Words. Where do they go?"

Now, if you're new to English or even if you're an intermediate student, sometimes this causes

you problems. Right?

You've heard the terms: "preposition", "determiner", "syntax", and you're like: "Oh, it's so complicated."

Today's lesson will be simple.

You can go over this again and again.

It will help you understand and use English better.

So I'm going to start off with the most basic part of parts of speech, and I want to start

with the things part.

Things.

Not actions, but things.

I am a person.

My watch is a thing.

Okay?

An animal, a cat or a dog, or an apple, these are things.

We call these things nouns, because nouns name people - Hi, I'm James;

places - Toronto, Ontario; things - my watch; animals - a cat, meow; and food - an apple.

Okay? These are nouns.

Example: boy, dog, apple. Okay?

Nouns name these things.

But sometimes you don't want to keep using the same noun again and again.

"James ate the apple and James walked his dog as James talked to his friend, Oliver,

and then James..."

It gets what we call repetitive and boring, and it also makes the sentences go really slow.

And sometimes we want to use the noun in a different way.

So in this case we introduce what's called pronouns.

Pronouns can replace nouns in a sentence.

So now you could say something like this: "James ate the apple and he walked his dog."

Instead of: "James ate the apple and James walked his dog", we can use a pronoun to replace

it and make it simpler.

We still know we're talking about James.

Now, we talked about word order or syntax.

Let me explain this.

In order to use a pronoun first you must use the noun.

Okay?

You introduce the noun and then you can replace it with a pronoun.

That's why you see number one then number two.

You cannot just start with a pronoun.

If I started a sentence at the beginning: "He went to the store."

The very first thing you will say to me is: "Who's he?"

I go: "Oh, James went to the store and he bought the apples there."

And you go: "Oh, now I know who he is."

So, pronouns kind of number two because you have to actually introduce first with a noun,

then you can replace it with a pronoun.

Now, we have several types of pronouns.

I'm just going to go over and show you a couple of them so you get an idea.

Pronouns include: "I", "we", which are subject pronouns.

Object pronouns when we're talking about something that's not us, but something on the other

side that receives action, as a subject pronoun I do things.

I run.

Right?

We eat dinner.

We're talking to them.

Now, when we say "them", you go: "What?"

Well, they are receiving it and we call those object pronouns.

Okay?

So the most basic ones are subject and object pronouns.

One is doing something, one is receiving.

There are reflexive pronouns, like: "himself" where somebody is talking about themselves.

"He built the house himself."

So he's talking about him as an object, but reflecting it back to himself.

We call it reflexive pronoun.

Okay?

There are others, but I'm not going to get into them right now because I want to keep

this simple just so you know what the parts of speech are, and you can always come to

engVid to come and see other lessons in which we go deeply into

reflexive pronouns, object and subject pronouns.

Okay? Cool.

So we talked about how pronouns can replace nouns, and we're good with that.

Yeah?

So let's go to stage number three, because once you've replaced them, how do you know

the difference between them?

Apple, apple.

I don't know.

That's when we have adjectives.

Adjectives.

The word itself can be broken into two parts: "ject" and "ad".

But remember...

Do you remember when I said subject and object, and I gave you the example?

I said, for instance: "I" is a subject pronoun.

Right?

Subject, yeah, I'm good at this.

I'm going to do this really well.

And I said: "them" is an object pronoun.

Right?

You'll notice "ject" is in both parts.

When you look at an adjective, "ad" means to put on, you add, like two plus two is four,

four plus four is eight.

So an adjective you add to a pronoun or a noun to describe them.

So if you look here, "ject".

Adjectives describe nouns and pronouns.

Now, remember we talked about syntax?

Well, syntax, remember the word order?

Where would you find an adjective?

Well, in some places it's reversed.

If you speak Spanish, for instance, you would say: "gato negro", which in translation for

English is cat's black.

And for me who speak English or a person who speaks English, that doesn't make sense to

me because we say black cat.

So, word order can vary depending on the language you speak.

We usually put pronouns before...

Sorry, adjectives before our pronouns and our nouns so we can describe them.

And in two seconds I'm going to give you some ways in which we describe things, and we have

a word order for that.

Okay?

And I'll have to explain something on that.

So, where will you find an adjective?

Before you find your nouns or pronouns.

They will help you describe your subjects or objects.

Okay? The things that are doing something.

Now, we have eight types of adjectives. All right?

And we have a special order we put it in.

Now, depending on your language, this order may exist.

You may have a different order or you may have no order which means you can put any

of these things in any order you like.

You can put...

Not... Well, maybe with the exception of numbers, but the colour can come first, where it comes

from, it can come first.

Quality can come first.

It depends on your culture, your language, your country.

English, however, the order I put it in - one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight,

that's the order we want it in.

Okay?

If you change it, it actually gets really confusing.

So, what are these eight?

Well, why don't we take a look?

Quantity, it's a number.

Now, I put "a number", not because I said a number, but "a" refers to...

Or "a" refers to articles.

The chair, a chair.

Okay?

In this case "a" means one, so that's why I put "a number".

Funny guy, I know.

Number can be any other number; five, 10, 1,000, 1 million, a billion.

This usually comes first to indicate how many things we're talking about.

Okay? So you need a number.

Five chairs, okay, we're talking about five so I have to look for five chairs.

Not chair, yellow, five.

I'm like: "Is that the name, yellow five? I'm confused."

The next thing we talk about, quality.

Is it good, is it bad?

Is it exceptional?

Right? Or is it insignificant?

That's a big word for meaning not important.

Okay?

So we go from quality to...

Sorry, quantity to quality.

Then we talk about the size of it.

Right?

There were five big, black, cats.

So, five big, is it big, is it small?

Age.

How old is it?

Is it new?

Is it old?

Is it young?

All right?

Shape.

Is it round?

Is it a square or a triangle?

What's the shape of it?

Oblong.

Yeah, that's... Don't. I don't even know. I do.

It's long and kind