There's Litecoin.

There's Ethereum.

So just what is cryptocurrency, and how does it work?

Essentially, it's digital money that's bought and sold online.

There's no bills or coins.

It's not based on another asset like gold.

And it doesn't go through traditional

financial institutions like banks.

Instead, these currencies operate

in a completely decentralized system

that uses so-called blockchain technology

to track transactions.

To see how this works, let's look at how

you'd buy something with cryptocurrency.

Say that Alice wants to buy a bike from Dan

using Bitcoin, her cryptocurrency of choice.

Alice begins by logging into her Bitcoin wallet

with a private key, a unique combination

of letters and numbers.

With a traditional financial transaction,

the exchange gets sent to banks on each side

who record the money being subtracted from one account

and added to another.

But remember, in this scenario,

there are no banks or middlemen.

Instead, Alice's transaction

is shared with everyone in the Bitcoin network.

These networked computers add Alice's transaction

to a shared list of recent transactions, known as a block.

Every 10 minutes,

the newest block of transactions is

added on, or chained, to all the previous blocks.

That's how you get a blockchain.

To ensure that each block of transactions

on the chain is verified,

a subset of Bitcoin's network joins a race

to solve a very difficult math puzzle.

And if they solve it first, their record

of the block of transactions becomes the official record.

They're rewarded with Bitcoins of their own,

and the network gets a new block on the chain.

This entire process is known as mining.

But instead of chipping away at rock,

you're solving complex puzzles.

The fact that many computers are competing

to verify a block ensures that no single computer

can monopolize the Bitcoin market.

To ensure the competition stays fair and evenly timed,

the puzzle becomes harder when more computers join in.

The Bitcoin protocol says mining will continue

until there are 21 million Bitcoins in existence.

That's set to happen around 2140 —

if Bitcoin lasts that long.