In the West,

we make a colossal mistake taking it for granted.

We see democracy

not as the most fragile of flowers that it really is,

but we see it as part of our society's furniture.

We tend to think of it as an intransigent given.

We mistakenly believe that capitalism begets inevitably democracy.

It doesn't.

Singapore's Lee Kuan Yew and his great imitators in Beijing

have demonstrated beyond reasonable doubt

that it is perfectly possible to have a flourishing capitalism,

spectacular growth,

while politics remains democracy-free.

Indeed, democracy is receding in our neck of the woods,

here in Europe.

Earlier this year, while I was representing Greece --

the newly elected Greek government --

in the Eurogroup as its Finance Minister,

I was told in no uncertain terms that our nation's democratic process --

our elections --

could not be allowed to interfere

with economic policies that were being implemented in Greece.

At that moment,

I felt that there could be no greater vindication of Lee Kuan Yew,

or the Chinese Communist Party,

indeed of some recalcitrant friends of mine who kept telling me

that democracy would be banned if it ever threatened to change anything.

Tonight, here, I want to present to you

an economic case for an authentic democracy.

I want to ask you to join me in believing again

that Lee Kuan Yew,

the Chinese Communist Party

and indeed the Eurogroup

are wrong in believing that we can dispense with democracy --

that we need an authentic, boisterous democracy.

And without democracy,

our societies will be nastier,

our future bleak

and our great, new technologies wasted.

Speaking of waste,

allow me to point out an interesting paradox

that is threatening our economies as we speak.

I call it the twin peaks paradox.

One peak you understand --

you know it, you recognize it --

is the mountain of debts that has been casting a long shadow

over the United States, Europe, the whole world.

We all recognize the mountain of debts.

But few people discern its twin.

A mountain of idle cash

belonging to rich savers and to corporations,

too terrified to invest it

into the productive activities that can generate the incomes

from which you can extinguish the mountain of debts

and which can produce all those things that humanity desperately needs,

like green energy.

Now let me give you two numbers.

Over the last three months,

in the United States, in Britain and in the Eurozone,

we have invested, collectively, 3.4 trillion dollars

on all the wealth-producing goods --

things like industrial plants, machinery,

office blocks, schools,

roads, railways, machinery, and so on and so forth.

$3.4 trillion sounds like a lot of money

until you compare it to the $5.1 trillion

that has been slushing around in the same countries,

in our financial institutions,

doing absolutely nothing during the same period

except inflating stock exchanges and bidding up house prices.

So a mountain of debt and a mountain of idle cash

form twin peaks, failing to cancel each other out

through the normal operation of the markets.

The result is stagnant wages,

more than a quarter of 25- to 54-year-olds in America, in Japan and in Europe

out of work.

And consequently, low aggregate demand,

which in a never-ending cycle,

reinforces the pessimism of the investors,

who, fearing low demand, reproduce it by not investing --

exactly like Oedipus' father,

who, terrified by the prophecy of the oracle

that his son would grow up to kill him,

unwittingly engineered the conditions

that ensured that Oedipus, his son, would kill him.

This is my quarrel with capitalism.

Its gross wastefulness,

all this idle cash,

should be energized to improve lives,

to develop human talents,

and indeed to finance all these technologies,

green technologies,

which are absolutely essential for saving planet Earth.

Am I right in believing that democracy might be the answer?

I believe so,

but before we move on,

what do we mean by democracy?

Aristotle defined democracy

as the constitution in which the free and the poor,

being in the majority, control government.

Now, of course Athenian democracy excluded too many.

Women, migrants and, of course, the slaves.

But it would be a mistake

to dismiss the significance of ancient Athenian democracy

on the basis of whom it excluded.

What was more pertinent,

and continues to be so about ancient Athenian democracy,

was the inclusion of the working poor,

who not only acquired the right to free speech,

but more importantly, crucially,

they acquired the rights to political judgments

that were afforded equal weight

in the decision-making concerning matters of state.

Now, of course, Athenian democracy didn't last long.

Like a candle that burns brightly, it burned out quickly.

And indeed,

our liberal democracies today do not have their roots in ancient Athens.

They have their roots in the Magna Carta,

in the 1688 Glorious Revolution,

indeed in the American constitution.

Whereas Athenian democracy was focusing on the masterless citizen

and empowering the working poor,

our liberal democracies are founded on the Magna Carta tradition,

which was, after all, a charter for masters.

And indeed, liberal democracy only surfaced when it was possible

to separate fully the political sphere from the economic sphere,

so as to confine the democratic process fully in the political sphere,

leaving the economic sphere --

the corporate world, if you want --

as a democracy-free zone.

Now, in our democracies today,

this separation of the economic from the political sphere,

the moment it started happening,

it gave rise to an inexorable, epic struggle between the two,

with the economic sphere colonizing the political sphere,

eating into its power.

Have you wondered why politicians are not what they used to be?

It's not because their DNA has degenerated.

(Laughter)

It is rather because one can be in government today and not in power,

because power has migrated from the political to the economic sphere,

which is separate.

Indeed,

I spoke about my quarrel with capitalism.

If you think about it,

it is a little bit like a population of predators,

that are so successful in decimating the prey that they must feed on,

that in the end they starve.

Similarly,

the economic sphere has been colonizing and cannibalizing the political sphere

to such an extent that it is undermining itself,

causing economic crisis.

Corporate power is increasing,

political goods are devaluing,

inequality is rising,

aggregate demand is falling

and CEOs of corporations are too scared to invest the cash of their corporations.

So the more capitalism succeeds in taking the demos out of democracy,

the taller the twin peaks

and the greater the waste of human resources

and humanity's wealth.

Clearly, if this is right,

we must reunite the political and economic spheres

and better do it with a demos being in control,

like in ancient Athens except without the slaves

or the exclusion of women and migrants.

Now, this is not an original idea.

The Marxist left had that idea 100 years ago

and it didn't go very well, did it?

The lesson that we learned from the Soviet debacle

is that only by a miracle will the working poor be reempowered,

as they were in ancient Athens,

without creating new forms of brutality and waste.

But there is a solution:

eliminate the working poor.

Capitalism's doing it

by replacing low-wage workers with automata, androids, robots.

The problem is

that as long as the economic and the political spheres are separate,

automation makes the twin peaks taller,

the waste loftier

and the social conflicts deeper,

including --

soon, I believe --

in places like China.

So we need to reconfigure,

we need to reunite the economic and the political spheres,

but we'd better do it by democratizing the reunified sphere,

lest we end up with a surveillance-mad hyperautocracy

that makes The Matrix, the movie, look like a documentary.

(Laughter)

So the question is not whether capitalism will survive

the technological innovations it is spawning.

The more interesting question

is whether capitalism will be succeeded by something resembling a Matrix dystopia

or something much closer to a Star Trek-like society,

where machines serve the humans

and the humans expend their energies exploring the universe

and indulging in long debates about the meaning of life

in some ancient, Athenian-like, high tech agora.

I think we can afford to be optimistic.

But what would it take,

what would it look like

to have this Star Trek-like utopia, instead of the Matrix-like dystopia?

In practical terms,

allow me to share just briefly,

a couple of examples.

At the level of the enterprise,

imagine a capital market,

where you earn capital as you work,

and where your capital follows you from one job to another,

from one company to another,

and the company --

whichever one you happen to work at at that time --

is solely owned by those who happen to work in it at that moment.

Then all income stems from capital, from profits,

and the very concept of wage labor becomes obsolete.

No more separation between those who own but do not work in the company

and those who work but do not own the company;

no more tug-of-war between capital and labor;

no great gap between investment and saving;

indeed, no towering twin peaks.

At the level of the global political economy,

imagine for a moment

that our national currencies have a free-floating exchange rate,

with a universal, global, digital currency,

one that is issued by the International Monetary Fund,

the G-20,

on behalf of all humanity.

And imagine further

that all international trade is denominated in this currency --

let's call it "the cosmos,"

in units of cosmos --

with every government agreeing to be paying into a common fund

a sum of cosmos units proportional to the country's trade deficit,

or indeed to a country's trade surplus.

And imagine that that fund is utilized to invest in green technologies,

especially in parts of the world where investment funding is scarce.

This is not a new idea.

It's what, effectively, John Maynard Keynes proposed

in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference.

The problem is

that back then, they didn't have the technology to implement it.

Now we do,

especially in the context of a reunified political-economic sphere.

The world that I am describing to you

is simultaneously libertarian,

in that it prioritizes empowered individuals,

Marxist,

since it will have confined to the dustbin of history

the division between capital and labor,

and Keynesian,

global Keynesian.

But above all else,

it is a world in which we will be able to imagine an authentic democracy.