A natural evolution of trade from the the arduous process of bartering, where traders

needed to find an equivalent exchange of goods to complete a transaction.

The advent of metal coins, which had a known and reliable value, allowed trade to flourish.

It facilitated the diversification of jobs, and even invented a new one, the banker.

As trade flourished, and coins were minted, the wealthy needed a secure location to keep

their money safe.

Banks became common place, where vasts amount of money was stored, and the responsibility

of keeping track of it fell into the hands of these bankers.

The banker could facilitate trades between people, without the physical coins, from which

the currency gained its value, ever needing to be seen.

This evolved to the world we now know where electronic and paper money is commonplace,

a system based on trust.

Trust that this money has intrinsic value, trust that became tarnished by the global

financial crisis where bankers created excessive amounts of another new form of currency debt,

a currency based on assumed future earnings.

When this system fell apart with the crash in property prices, many ran back to the tried

and true method of using gold as a safe and reliable currency, resulting in the prices

peaking at the height of the crash, but one clever individual started to wonder is there

are better way.

That person was allegedly “ Satoshi Nakamato” the mysterious founder of the first cyptocurrency,

Bitcoin.

Satoshi released this statement conveying his motivation for creating bitcoin:

“The root problem with conventional currency is all the trust that's required to make it

work.

The central bank must be trusted not to debase the currency, but the history of fiat currencies

is full of breaches of that trust.

Banks must be trusted to hold our money and transfer it electronically, but they lend

it out in waves of credit bubbles with barely a fraction in reserve.

We have to trust them with our privacy, trust them not to let identity thieves drain our

accounts.

Their massive overhead costs make micropayments impossible.

“

Cryptocurrencies were invented primarily to eliminate the banking system middle men from

this trust system.

To ensure the security of people's hard earned money and allow for cheap accessible transactions.

A beautiful idea, that in practice has its flaws.

In order to eliminate these middle men, we need to find a way of creating a trust system

between individuals using the currency.

A way of ensuring that someone cannot simply write a transaction crediting their account

with bitcoin, without permission.

This is where the blockchain comes in.

In its purest form, Bitcoin is a currency that uses a system of complicated keycodes

to verify transactions between individuals.

Batches of transactions are filed into something called a block every 10 minutes.

For bitcoin the max amount of transactions per block is around 2,400, so bitcoin has

a max transaction speed of 4 transactions per second.

Each of these blocks needs to be verified in order to verify the transaction history

and cryptocurrencies do this in a pretty surprising way.

By guesswork.

Bitcoin uses a system called a cryptographic hash function, in this case Sha-256. to verify

each block and it works like this.

SHA-256 simply outputs a string of 256 bits, that's a 256 long string of 1s and 0s, for

a given input.

The output seems random, but it's not.

SHA-256 will always give the same output for a given input, BUT, as far as we know, it's

impossible to take the output and figure out what the input was.

It's a one way street.

That means, in order to generate a specific desired output, the only way of doing it is

by trial and error.

Guessing inputs and checking the output.

And to do this quickly requires a significant amount of computational power.

Essentially employing millions of little monkeys in your computer to type numbers until one

manages to get it correctly.

So how does this apply to the blockchain verification of Bitcoin?

For a block to be added to the chain it needs to be signed with a SHA-256 input that will

result in a predetermined string of zeros at the start.

The number of zeros needed is determined by how much computational power is trying to

verify the blockchain.

The more zeros needed, the more computational power is needed.

We want the blockchain to be verified every 10 minutes, so in order to maintain that verification

time, the number of zeros needed keeps rising as more computational power is dedicated to

the network.

It is through this huge dedication of computation power that ensures security of the blockchain.

It would be unfeasible for an individual to rewrite the blockchain with false information,

as they would first need to dedicate enough power to sign previously written blocks, and

manage to keep up with the blocks currently being written by the rest of the network.

A herculean task, as we are about to see.

There are more nuances to this system, and I highly recommend you watch 3blue1brown's

video on the subject if you want to learn more.

This blockchain technology is fascinating, and has a huge amount of potential outside

of just cryptocurrencies, but it has negative side effects, which have been exacerbated

by the hijacking of the bitcoin hype train.

The blockchain is verified by miners, these are people who guess the inputs for SHA-256

to generate the desired output, and they are rewarded for doing so with some bitcoin.

To increase your chances of being the first person to correctly guess an appropriate input,

you need to maximise your computational power, basically employ more monkeys, but obviously

this has a breakeven point.

Computation requires expensive equipment, and equipment prices have only risen as the

demand for blockchain verification tech increases, and it also requires electricity.

There are giant mining farms in the wastelands of Iceland that use the cheap geothermal energy

and the abundance of cool air to minimise their electricity costs for this very reason.

But the price of Bitcoin has inflated so dramatically that it's still profitable to dedicate a

huge amount of computation power to mine, and it has risen to damaging levels.

One Chinese mining facility was reportedly spending 80,000 dollars a month on electricity,

but was turning over 1.5 million per month.

With returns like that, it would make perfect sense to expand and increase your electricity

demands, and this is exactly what we are seeing.

Digiconomist have constructed a Bitcoin Energy Consumption Index which has estimated that

the network of computers that verify bitcoin transactions draw 3.4 Gigawatts (GW) That

3.4GW adds up to 30.1 terrawatt hours (TWh) of energy per year.

That is on par with the energy use of the entire country of Serbia, or roughly 0.8 percent

of total energy demand in the United States, equal to 2.9 million US households.

To put the energy consumed by the Bitcoin network into perspective, we can compare it

to another payment system like VISA.

According to VISA, the company consumed a total amount of 0.19 terrawatt hours of energy

globally for all its operations.

This means that VISA has an energy need equal to that of around 17,000 U.S. households.

We also know VISA processed 111.2 billion transactions in 2017.

Vastly more than the Bitcoin network's 100 million transactions, at a fraction of the

cost.

Comparing to VISA may be unfair, as they require those pesky middle-men that we are striving

to eliminate and move towards decentralisation.

You should however consider that the brunt of Bitcoin verification is not being performed

by individuals like you and me, we simply cannot compete with our consumer level technology,

but by a small group of large mining facilities.

Centralised facilities where the power is in the hands of a few.

So is there any hope for Bitcoin?

We need consider that the system is not in equilibrium.

The Bitcoin network is limited to a production of 21 million coins.

Over time there will be fewer bitcoins left to mine, a feature of the original plan by

bitcoin's mysterious founder Nakamoto.

Once the majority of bitcoins have been mined, the block reward will become an insignificant

percentage of miners' overall earnings.

Instead, miners will get their reward from small transaction fees, which are already

part of the network.

So in equilibrium, the energy demanded by the network will only be driven by these small

transaction fees, which is currently significantly below coin-value.

Making it even less profitable to flood the market with computation power.

This is where we come to our next point in why Bitcoin isn't working.

Cryptocurrencies have been hijacked by the hype.

The vast majority of transactions occurring for bitcoin are not to buy goods and services,

as currency was invented for, but are simply trades of currency.

Swapping traditional currency for a share of the bitcoins on the market.

This may sound familiar to you, because it's exactly what gold is used for.

This is not what Bitcoin was created for.

Bitcoin was created so that you would never have to use dollars again.

That you would trade your dollars for bitcoins, and never trade back.

But Bitcoin is too volatile for anyone to use it like that.

Bitcoin has become an incredible volatile investment vehicle, with thousands of people

attempting to trade on speculation and achieve this dream of becoming a bitcoin millionaire.

But in order for a currency to work in a society it needs stability, people need to trust that

the money the own today will be worth the same amount tomorrow, this is why the dollar

is so successful.

Several countries around the world use the dollar because their own currency has become

so volatile no-one can put their trust in it.

How can we expect Bitcoin to become a useful currency when it's value jumps so dramatically

between dates due to irrational speculation, and market manipulation.

For now Bitcoin is largely a useless environment damaging investment vehicle, which was not

the vision Satoshi had for it.

Even if the bitcoin prices manage to stabilise as equilibrium is reached, it's limited

transaction time of 4 transactions per second will likely prevent it from ever becoming

a useful currency, and will more likely become a wealth storage method similar to gold.

Blockchain technology and cryptocurrency are a fantastic idea in theory.

Just as paper money and debt are, but they're flawed for the same reason.

People.

If there are ways of exploiting a system for financial gain, people will find it.

The only way stopping that is to set up systems to prevent exploitation, and this is what

other currencies like Ethereum are trying to do, while building upon the foundation

Bitcoin laid, but if history has proven anything, if there are ways of exploiting a system for

financial gain people will find it.

You can learn how to manipulate system for your personal gain by starting this course

on the Math of Quantitative Finance on Brilliant.

Which will take from from an introduction to Quantitative Finance, through to probability,

statistics and finally Markov Chains.

Anyone who follows me on twitter will know that I enjoy tracking the stock market and

understanding how it works.

Even though I've rarely talked about Finance on here, it is just as important for you to

know how to save through compound interest, determine the expected impact of opportunities

like Bitcoin, and be confident that your retirement account will be sufficient.

And the best way to understand is by applying these concepts yourself, which is exactly

what Brilliant allows you to achieve.

These may initially sound complicated and scary, but Brilliant guides you through problems

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What's more, if you go to Brilliant.org/RealEngineering, you can do the entire course for free!

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