to 2015.

But what is the most dangerous drug in the world? [Illustrated by Kurzgesagt.]

If we're simply talking about the most lethal substances, scientists use something called

the “median lethal dose” or LD50 which measures how much of a substance is required

to kill half the members of a tested population.

So something like coffee requires around 13g to kill a 70kg person, while the venom of

an Inland Taipan snake requires much less, with only 0.00175g.

Using this method, the most deadly substance on Earth?

Botulinum Toxin...or Botox.

Oral ingestion would require only 0.00000007g to kill a 70kg person.

However, 'most dangerous' doesn't always mean 'most lethal'.

In the UK, a group of experts decided to look at how much “harm” the most common recreational

drugs cause using 16 parameters, including types of physical, psychological and social harm.

For example, a drug may cause physical damage but not be lethal, it could cause you to become

completely dependent, it can be more likely to cause loss of relationships, or decreased

mental functioning; and these are all forms of 'harm'.

Using these criteria, they concluded that the most dangerous drug to an individual is heroin.

Heroin can be injected, snorted, or smoked, and enters the brain rapidly, particularly

when injected into the bloodstream.

Here, it attaches to opioid receptors, creating a surge of pleasurable sensations.

It's also highly addictive, with intense withdrawal symptoms that begin within hours

of a hit, including insomnia, cold flashes, muscle and bone pain, nausea and vomiting.

Receptors in the brainstem are also affected, impacting important physiological processes

such as breathing and blood pressure.

Which is why overdosing causes breathing to slow or stop entirely, leading to the accumulation

of CO2 in the blood and ultimately death.

And since heroin is unregulated, it is especially difficult for users to know the strength of

the dose, making the risk of OD-ing high.

Additionally, the drug can be mixed with other compounds, like Fentanyl, making it even more

dangerous.

Fentanyl, like heroin, is an opiate but is 50-100 times as strong because it is very

lipophilic - meaning it penetrates our fatty brain more easily.

And in terms of lethality alone, it is much more dangerous than heroin to users.

It was initially used as a prescription pain reliever but because of its addictiveness,

it was mostly used in end of life cases.

It has since emerged as a recreational drug, where the number of reported fentanyl related

overdoses has increased 7X from 2012 to 2014 in the US, and continues to see more widespread

use worldwide.

But there is an even more dangerous drug!

Though crack cocaine and methamphetamine top the list of harm to an individual just after

heroin, finding the most dangerous drug overall involved studying 20 different popular drugs,

and also looking at the harm they place on others.

This includes the physical and psychological harm, crime, degradation to families and communities,

and economic costs - and in the end it turns out the most dangerous drug in the world is…

alcohol.

To ensure this wasn't simply a UK phenomenon, a European group attempted the same process

putting more emphasis on individual harm and less on economic harm.

And even with the different weightings the two groups found largely the same result.

A large contributor to the danger of alcohol is its wide use.

The majority of the world does drink (61.7%), and drink a lot, with an average of 17 litres

of pure alcohol consumed per person per year.

The World Health Organization found 3.3 million deaths worldwide were caused by dangerous

alcohol consumption in 2012, meaning alcohol kills 1 person every 10 seconds.

But experts don't recommend a prohibition stance on alcohol.

By all accounts, the war on drugs has been deemed a failure, and nations who have stepped

away from hardline policies and implemented decriminalization, harm reduction and education,

have seen significant declines of drug abuse.

If you'd like to learn more about the failure of the war on drugs, check out In A Nutshell's

video, who so brilliantly helped us animate this video!

A huge thanks to them for helping out, and continuing to inspire us with their intelligent

and well designed videos.

You can also check out our drug series, if you'd like to learn more about the impact

of specific drugs, like marijuana, cocaine, and lsd, on your brain!

And subscribe for more weekly science videos!