as a physician and a neurosurgeon,

my goal has been to prevent death.

But, I will tell you

that some of the most profound experiences

as a human being that I have had

is being with people

who have truly lived, but are dying.

For the last decade, as a neuroscientist,

my goal has been to understand

what it is that stops people from living.

I'm not talking about showing up.

I'm not talking about mindlessly going to work every day.

You know, somebody sent me a definition of life,

and it said:

"Life is a sexually transmitted disease that ends in death."

(Laughter)

The life I'm talking about, though, is a little bit different.

The life I'm talking about, though,

is a life of meaning, purpose, connection,

and ultimately, contentment and happiness.

What's interesting, though,

is that in the United States -

one of, if not, the most affluent countries in the world,

where we consume 25% of the world's resources,

where theoretically we have everything,

why is it that we have an epidemic

of stress, anxiety, isolation,

loneliness, and depression?

What's amazing is people come here

somehow thinking that it will be better,

and oftentimes it is not at all; it is only worse.

It's interesting;

25% percent of people when asked,

will say to you

that when they are suffering,

when they are in pain,

they do not feel that they have a single person who they can go to.

It's horribly sad, but why is that?

I had a cartoon.

Do any of you know Snoopy?

I had a cartoon that showed Snoopy on his doghouse.

It's interesting, I am a familiar with the dog house,

but oftentimes I had been in the doghouse.

(Laughing)

But in this case, Snoopy is sitting on top of the doghouse,

and he's thinking, "Where am I going?

What am I doing? What's the meaning of life?"

And today I would like to share with you

why I believe, over the last ten years, and have learned,

what it is that causes pain to so many of us.

And also - in the context of what this meeting is about -

of what is next.

And what is next

is neuro-hacking your brain for transcendence.

Or, hacking your brain for happiness.

How do we do that?

First of all, let me explain how we got into this position as humans.

I'm not sure if you realize,

our DNA has not changed for the last 200,000 years.

So we are the same as we were then

in this modern world of science and technology,

which has evolved far faster than our evolution.

As a result, we have evolutionary baggage,

which stands in the way, oftentimes, of us being happy.

The sad thing also is that we have a health care system

that is not oriented towards wellness;

it is oriented towards illness.

(Applause)

So what happens to that group of people

who feel stressed, anxious, depressed, isolated, alone?

What is it that they're given?

Drugs.

Do any of you know Hunter S. Thompson?

Obviously, a lot of you take drugs here.

Some guys, yeah, yeah!

(Laughing)

Hunter S. Thompson said,

"I don't advocate the use of drugs and alcohol, but it works for me."

(Laughter)

But unfortunately, for the large group of people

who are prescribed these medications, and remember,

it's 20% of the adult population,

If you include the excessive use of alcohol,

and some of you may be experiencing that already,

it actually increases to over 50%.

And what have we gotten from that?

We have not fundamentally solved the problem.

And why?

Here is where it gets interesting.

As a species,

to have something called "Theory of mind",

to have complex language,

to have abstract thinking,

has come at a cost.

The cost is that unlike other species,

our offspring require us to care for them

for a decade and a half, or two decades.

In my case apparently three decades.

But, the attribute that makes us

want to expend those resources and energy

to raise our young

is because we are hardwired to care.

We are hardwired to recognize

the suffering of another

- especially our offspring -

and alleviate that suffering.

This is where you hear of the term "oxytocin",

which is one of the neurotransmitters associated with affiliative behavior

- nurturing and caring -

dopamine and other neurotransmitters.

The problem is,

although this is our default mode,

we have evolutionary baggage that oftentimes interferes

with us being our true selves and having connection.

The baggage

is related to a primitive part of our nervous system,

which many of you know is called the "flight, fight, or freeze" response.

When an individual is anxious,

when an individual is put in an environment

that exceeds his ability to process,

put them in an environment that is far, far different

than how we evolved as a species on the Savanna in Africa,

what happens is

this autonomic nervous system

switches over from one of, if you will, affiliative behavior

- caring, nurturing, calmness -

which is called our parasympathetic nervous system,

to decrease the tone of a nerve called the vagus nerve,

and actually stimulate the sympathetic nervous system.

When the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated, what happens?

You get afraid;

your heart rate increases;

your pulse increases

- those are the same thing. I'm a doctor, I should know this -

your blood pressure increases;

actually your immune system is depressed;

and hormones associated with stress are released

and often released on a chronic basis.

This is far different from what the system was made for on the Savanna in Africa,

where if you saw a lion, the system would kick in,

all of those things would happen,

you would run to the tree,

and either you would crawl up the tree or you wouldn't.

(Laughing)

But what is the effect

of this type of chronic engagement of the sympathetic nervous system?

It is one where people feel anxious, afraid, they withdraw,

they pull into themselves, they don't communicate as effectively,

it actually affects their work:

they're not as creative;

they're not as productive.

So what is the solution?

It certainly, today,

has not been science and technology, has it?

We expend more on health care,

have the most sophisticated technology in the world,

yet we have this epidemic of stress, anxiety, depression;

we have the highest cost of healthcare;

the most dissatisfied patients in the world;

and we fall in the lowest quadrant of any industrialised country,

in terms of measures of efficacy or cost effectiveness.

But there is a solution.

Interestingly,

what I have spent a lot of time doing, and a lot of my colleagues have,

is trying to understand the system.

And instead of having it hijacked, if you will,

which has a profound effect on long-term mental and physical health,

and in fact a significant effect on longevity,

is to hijack it in the other direction.

I will tell you though, it's not a pill.

So that's a good thing.

What we have learned over the last decade or so,

is that we can actually potentiate

our ability to be compassionate,

to care for others, and when we do so,

it has a profound effect on our own health.

In fact, the Dalai Lama, - have any of you heard of him? -

the Dalai Lama has said,

"Being compassionate is one of the only times

when it's okay to be selfish."

Studies have now shown

that when you are compassionate,

when you recognize the suffering of another, engage another,

it has a profound effect on your blood pressure, your heart rate,

it boosts your immune system,

and decreases those stress hormone levels

down to baseline.

And you have a sense of calmness,

your frontal executive control areas work better,

which are associated with decision-making, productivity, and creativity.

How do you switch the tide, if you will, or turn the switch,

where this system is not a detriment

to you living your life with full potential

and being connected with another

and receiving the full physiologic benefits?

It has to do with the following:

I put it in the context of the pharmaceutical industry.

If I told you that I had a pill

that was organic,

readily available ingredients,

zero side effects,

and had this profound effect on your physiology

where you worked at your best,

and it allowed you to have purpose, clarity of mind, contentment, happiness?

How much would that pill be worth?

A lot.

But what if I told you that exists already and can work with many people?

But the only thing that is required is that after you take the pill,

you sit in silence for 15 minutes and slowly breathe in and out,

and focus your intention on being compassionate.

When you do that,

you will realize, you no longer need the pill.

That is in fact all it takes.

We and others have created techniques

that give you the tools to hack your brain

for happiness, and what I call transcendence.

And by doing so, what this will do

is that when you are at the end of your days,

you will know that you have truly lived.

Thank you.