Vocabulary

  • on the surface: Appearing to be true or real until examined more closely.
  • in part: To some extent; partially.
  • on the market: Available for sale.
  • used up: To use all of; consume
  • evidence of: Facts, objects, or signs that make you believe that something is true.
  • work on: To devote effort to improve or develop something
  • grow into: To be able to wear clothes that were too big
  • for example: As an illustration or instance.
  • kill off: To eliminate or destroy completely; to cause to die.
  • in particular: Specifically; especially.
  • after all: In spite of what was expected; used to introduce a statement that supports a previous statement or explains why it was made
  • of course: Sure ; Certainly
  • ride on: To continue as planned, despite difficulties.
  • hang out: To spend time with your friends
  • cause: Belief, goal or organization that people support
  • spot: A certain place or area
  • immune: Having a special protection from, e.g. the law
  • grocery: Daily foods such as flour, sugar, and tinned foods
  • typically: In a normal or usual way
  • avoid: To prevent from happening
  • surface: To give (road) a top layer
  • grow: To get bigger and more mature; make plants do this
  • produce: Fresh foods such as fruits and vegetables
  • space: Empty area kept for a specific reason, like a car
  • wind: A current of air moving approximately horizontally, especially one strong enough to be felt
  • bacteria: The very small creatures that can cause disease
  • waste: To kill or severely harm someone
  • water: Clear liquid that forms the seas, rivers and rain
  • sink: To push something down into the ground
  • store: To put things in a place for later use
  • plant: Factory or a place where things are made
  • bad: Not good; wrong
  • disrupt: To cause a disturbance in an activity in progress
  • attack: To try to destroy, beat, or injure
  • wound: To rotate a part of say a watch to make it work
  • pathogen: Any disease-producing agent
  • dead: Not alive
  • suppress: To prevent the display of emotion or feeling
  • multiply: To increase in number by reproducing/having babies
  • doom: Certain of the failure or destruction of
  • trash: Garbage or anything that is worthless
  • defend: To protect and explain your position in court
  • patch: Cover worn over an eye to protect or hide it
  • cosmetic: Serving a decorative rather than a useful purpose
  • activate: To cause to happen; cause a chemical reaction
  • sick: Having a physical or mental illness
  • toxin: Any poisonous substance
  • landfill: Burial of garbage, as to build up low-lying land
  • refrigerator: An electric cool box for keeping food fresh
  • delicious: Very pleasing to eat; especially pleasing
  • fungi: Taxonomic kingdom including yeast
  • fruit: Result or product of something
  • rot: To break down into pieces through dying; decay
  • discount: To consider to be not important or not true
  • transport: Very strong uncontrollable emotion, e.g. delight
  • kill: To cause someone to experience a lot of pain
  • clump: Mass or pile of something such as soil
  • enter: To start a career or an education
  • infiltrate: To enter a group, place to get secret information
  • detach: To send away a military unit on a special mission
  • degradation: Reduction in quality or character
  • mushy: Excessively or insincerely emotional
  • outward: Going away from a place that will be returned to
  • halo: Circle of light
  • bacterial: Concerning or caused by bacteria
  • hitch: To ask for and get (a ride in someone's car)
  • microbial: Concerning, involving or caused by being microbes
  • tomato: Round soft red vegetable, fruit used in sauces
  • yellow: Color of lemons or the sun
  • chlorophyll: Green substance in plants that absorbs energy from sunlight to help them grow
  • fertilization: Process of a sperm entering an egg in reproduction
  • coli: Type of bacterium
  • pseudomonas: Type genus of the family Pseudomonodaceae
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    • activate

      US /ˈæktəˌvet/

      UK /ˈæktɪveɪt/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To cause to happen; cause a chemical reaction
      • To make something start working
      B1
      More
    • after all

      US /ˈæftɚ ɔl/

      UK /ˈɑ:ftə ɔ:l/

      • Adverb
      • In spite of what was expected; used to introduce a statement that supports a previous statement or explains why it was made
      • Considering everything; used to indicate that something is happening or is true despite some difficulty or obstacle
      • Phrase
      • Despite what was expected or thought; in spite of everything.
      • Taking everything into consideration; considering that.
      B1
      More
    • attack

      US /əˈtæk/

      UK /ə'tæk/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To try to destroy, beat, or injure
      • Noun
      • Act intended to hurt someone physically, mentally
      A2
      More
    • avoid

      US /əˈvɔɪd/

      UK /ə'vɔɪd/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To prevent from happening
      • To stay away from
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • bacteria

      US /bækˈtɪriə/

      UK /bæk'tɪərɪə/

      • Noun (plural)
      • The very small creatures that can cause disease
      B2
      More
    • bacterial

      US /bæk'tɪərɪrl/

      UK /bæk'tɪərɪəl/

      • Adjective
      • Concerning or caused by bacteria
      B2
      More
    • cause

      US /kɔz/

      UK /kɔ:z/

      • Noun
      • Belief, goal or organization that people support
      • Reason for
      • Transitive Verb
      • To make something happen; create effect or result
      A2
      More
    • clump

      US /klʌmp/

      UK /klʌmp/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Mass or pile of something such as soil
      • Small group of trees, etc. growing near each other
      • Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
      • To form into a mass or lump
      B2
      More
    • cosmetic

      US /kɑzˈmɛtɪk/

      UK /kɒz'metɪk/

      • Adjective
      • Serving a decorative rather than a useful purpose
      B2
      More
    • defend

      US /dɪˈfɛnd/

      UK /dɪ'fend/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To protect and explain your position in court
      • To protect against an attack
      B1TOEIC
      More
    • degradation

      US /ˌdɛɡrəˈdeʃən/

      UK /ˌdegrəˈdeɪʃn/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Reduction in quality or character
      • The act of treating someone poorly and without respect.
      B2
      More
    • delicious

      US /dɪˈlɪʃəs/

      UK /dɪˈlɪʃəs/

      • Adjective
      • Very pleasing to eat; especially pleasing
      B1TOEIC
      More
    • detach

      US /dɪˈtætʃ/

      UK /dɪˈtætʃ/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To send away a military unit on a special mission
      • To separate something from something larger
      B1
      More
    • discount

      US /ˈdɪsˌkaʊnt/

      UK /ˈdɪskaʊnt/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To consider to be not important or not true
      • To decrease the price of something
      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • A decrease in the price of something
      • The amount by which the face value of a security exceeds its market price.
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • disrupt

      US /dɪsˈrʌpt/

      UK /dɪsˈrʌpt/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To cause a disturbance in an activity in progress
      B2TOEIC
      More
    • doom

      US /dum/

      UK /du:m/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Certain of the failure or destruction of
      • Very bad, unhappy future event or situation
      • Transitive Verb
      • To make failure, defeat or death certain for
      B2
      More
    • evidence of

      US

      UK

      • Phrase
      • Facts, objects, or signs that make you believe that something is true.
      • Something that shows that something else exists or is true.
      A1
      More
    • fertilization

      US /ˌfɚtlɪˈzeʃən/

      UK /ˌfɜ:təlaɪ'zeɪʃn/

      • Uncountable Noun
      • Process of a sperm entering an egg in reproduction
      • The act or process of adding fertilizer to soil or land.
      B1
      More
    • for example

      US

      UK

      • Phrase
      • As an illustration or instance.
      More
    • fungi

      US /ˈfʌndʒaɪ/

      UK /ˈfʌŋgi:/

      • Noun (plural)
      • Taxonomic kingdom including yeast
      B2
      More
    • grocery

      US /'ɡroʊsərɪ/

      UK /'ɡrəʊsərɪ/

      • Uncountable Noun
      • Daily foods such as flour, sugar, and tinned foods
      • Countable Noun
      • A store that sells food and household supplies.
      B2TOEIC
      More
    • grow into

      US /ɡro ˈɪntu/

      UK /ɡrəu ˈɪntuː/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To be able to wear clothes that were too big
      • To adjust to over time, e.g. a new job
      A1
      More
    • halo

      US /ˈhelo/

      UK /'heɪləʊ/

      • Noun
      • Circle of light
      B2
      More
    • hang out

      US /hæŋ aʊt/

      UK /hæŋ aut/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To spend time with your friends
      • To spend times with friends or relax doing nothing
      A2
      More
    • hitch

      US /hɪtʃ/

      UK /hɪtʃ/

      • Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
      • To ask for and get (a ride in someone's car)
      • Transitive Verb
      • To attach a trailer to a car; tow
      B2
      More
    • immune

      US /ɪˈmjoon/

      UK /ɪˈmju:n/

      • Adjective
      • Having a special protection from, e.g. the law
      • Protected against a particular disease or condition because of antibodies or vaccination.
      B1
      More
    • in part

      US /ɪn pɑrt/

      UK /in pɑ:t/

      • Adverb
      • To some extent; partially.
      A1
      More
    • in particular

      US /ɪn pɚˈtɪkjəlɚ/

      UK /in pəˈtikjulə/

      • Phrase
      • Specifically; especially.
      • Detailed or precise.
      A1
      More
    • infiltrate

      US /ɪnˈfɪlˌtret, ˈɪnfɪl-/

      UK /ˈɪnfɪltreɪt/

      • Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
      • To enter a group, place to get secret information
      • (Of liquids/gases) to enter into something slowly
      B2
      More
    • kill off

      US /kɪl ɔf/

      UK /kil ɔf/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To eliminate or destroy completely; to cause to die.
      More
    • landfill

      US /'lændfɪl/

      UK /'lændfɪl/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Burial of garbage, as to build up low-lying land
      • A site for the disposal of waste materials by burial.
      • Transitive Verb
      • To fill (land) with waste material.
      C1
      More
    • microbial

      US /maɪ'kroʊbɪrl/

      UK /maɪ'krəʊbɪəl/

      • Adjective
      • Concerning, involving or caused by being microbes
      C1
      More
    • multiply

      US /ˈmʌltəˌplaɪ/

      UK /ˈmʌltɪplaɪ/

      • Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
      • To increase in number by reproducing/having babies
      • To increase something by a large quantity
      B1
      More
    • mushy

      US /ˈmʌʃi, ˈmʊʃi/

      UK /'mʌʃɪ/

      • Adjective
      • Excessively or insincerely emotional
      • Soft and pulpy; lacking firmness.
      • Uncountable Noun
      • A soft, pulpy mass, especially of food.
      B2
      More
    • of course

      US /ʌv kɔː(r)s/

      UK /ɔv kɔː(r)s/

      • Adverb
      • Sure ; Certainly
      • Phrase
      • For sure; certainly
      A2
      More
    • on the market

      US

      UK

      • Phrase
      • Available for sale.
      • Actively seeking employment.
      A2
      More
    • on the surface

      US /ɑn ði ˈsɚfəs/

      UK /ɔn ðə ˈsə:fis/

      • Phrase
      • Appearing to be true or real until examined more closely.
      • Located on the outer part or uppermost layer of something.
      B2
      More
    • outward

      US /ˈaʊtwəd/

      UK /ˈaʊtwəd/

      • Adjective
      • Going away from a place that will be returned to
      • Seeming to be from the outside
      B1
      More
    • patch

      US /pætʃ/

      UK /pætʃ/

      • Noun
      • Cover worn over an eye to protect or hide it
      • Piece of ground on vegetation grows
      • Transitive Verb
      • To join or unite, e.g. two phone calls
      • To repair hole by sewing a piece of cloth over it
      B1TOEIC
      More
    • pathogen

      US /ˈpæθədʒən/

      UK /ˈpæθədʒən/

      • Noun
      • Any disease-producing agent
      C1
      More
    • plant

      US /plænt/

      UK /plɑ:nt/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Factory or a place where things are made
      • Living thing with leaves and roots growing in soil
      • Transitive Verb
      • To firmly position something (in the ground)
      • To put seeds, flowers, trees in the ground
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • refrigerator

      US /rɪˈfrɪdʒəˌretɚ/

      UK /rɪˈfrɪdʒəreɪtə(r)/

      • Countable Noun
      • An electric cool box for keeping food fresh
      • A container or room for keeping things cool.
      B1
      More
    • ride on

      US /raɪd ɑn/

      UK /raid ɔn/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To continue as planned, despite difficulties.
      • To depend on something for success.
      A1
      More
    • rot

      US /rɑ:t/

      UK /rɒt/

      • Intransitive Verb
      • To break down into pieces through dying; decay
      • Uncountable Noun
      • The process or state of decaying or rotting.
      • Foolish or nonsensical talk or ideas.
      B2
      More
    • sink

      US /sɪŋk/

      UK /sɪŋk/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To push something down into the ground
      • To dig (a well)
      • Countable Noun
      • Large bowl in a kitchen or washroom for washing
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • spot

      US /spɑt/

      UK /spɒt/

      • Noun
      • A certain place or area
      • A difficult time; awkward situation
      • Transitive Verb
      • To see someone or something by chance
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • store

      US /stɔr, stor/

      UK /stɔ:(r)/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To put things in a place for later use
      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Place where things are kept for future use
      • Place where you can go to buy things
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • suppress

      US /səˈprɛs/

      UK /səˈpres/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To prevent the display of emotion or feeling
      • To use force to prevent something happening
      B1TOEIC
      More
    • surface

      US /ˈsɚfəs/

      UK /'sɜ:fɪs/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To give (road) a top layer
      • Intransitive Verb
      • To appear after being hidden, unseen, or unknown
      • To come to the top of something; emerge
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • tomato

      US /təˈmeto/

      UK /təˈmɑ:təu/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Round soft red vegetable, fruit used in sauces
      • The plant Solanum lycopersicum that produces tomatoes.
      • Adjective
      • Having a red color similar to that of a ripe tomato.
      A2
      More
    • toxin

      US /ˈtɑ:ksɪn/

      UK /ˈtɒksɪn/

      • Noun
      • Any poisonous substance
      B1
      More
    • transport

      US /ˈtrænspɔ:rt/

      UK /ˈtrænspɔ:t/

      • Uncountable Noun
      • Very strong uncontrollable emotion, e.g. delight
      • Transitive Verb
      • To carry things from one place to another
      • To cause to feel you are in a previous time
      A2
      More
    • trash

      US /træʃ/

      UK /træʃ/

      • Uncountable Noun
      • Garbage or anything that is worthless
      • Transitive Verb
      • To throw away in the garbage
      • To criticize; claim person/thing is inferior
      B2TOEIC
      More
    • typically

      US /ˈtɪpɪklɪ/

      UK /ˈtɪpɪkli/

      • Adverb
      • In a normal or usual way
      B1
      More
    • used up

      US

      UK

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To use all of; consume
      • Adjective
      • Exhausted or depleted.
      A1
      More
    • waste

      US /west/

      UK /weɪst/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To kill or severely harm someone
      • To use valuable things ineffectively
      • Uncountable Noun
      • Materials left over after a process has finished
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • work on

      US /wɚk ɑn/

      UK /wə:k ɔn/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To devote effort to improve or develop something
      • To try to persuade or influence someone.
      A1
      More
    • wound

      US /waʊnd/

      UK /waʊnd/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To rotate a part of say a watch to make it work
      • To hurt someone emotionally
      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Sadness or displeasure caused by a bad memory
      • Physical injury, especially that suffered in war
      A2
      More
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    01:03

    She took a brave step forward, leaving behind her comfort zone to chase her dreams.

    Vocabulary
    • brave

      adj. Having courage

    • comfort zone

      phr. A familiar situation where one feels safe

    Explanation
    a brave step is a noun phrase, where brave is an adjective modifying the noun step, meaning "a courageous step". forward is an adverb modifying step, meaning "ahead". The whole phrase serves as the object, answering the "what" of took (verb) — she took a brave step forward.

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    brave

    US/brev/
    UK/breɪv/
    adj.Brave
    v.t.To bravely face
    A2 Elementary

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    B2
    #TED-Ed#fruit#plant#mushy#bacteria#fungi

    【TED-Ed】Are spotty fruits and vegetables safe to eat? - Elizabeth Brauer

    0
    VoiceTube posted on 2016/09/25
    Ever wondered if those spotty fruits and veggies are still good to eat? This video dives into the science behind produce spoilage and food safety, giving you practical tips on washing and storing your food to reduce waste. You'll pick up some advanced vocabulary and learn fascinating facts about plant pathogens that are super useful for daily life!

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