two radically opposed design cultures.

One is made of thousands of steel parts,

the other of a single silk thread.

One is synthetic, the other organic.

One is imposed on the environment,

the other creates it.

One is designed for nature, the other is designed by her.

Michelangelo said that when he looked at raw marble,

he saw a figure struggling to be free.

The chisel was Michelangelo's only tool.

But living things are not chiseled.

They grow.

And in our smallest units of life, our cells, we carry all the information

that's required for every other cell to function and to replicate.

Tools also have consequences.

At least since the Industrial Revolution, the world of design has been dominated

by the rigors of manufacturing and mass production.

Assembly lines have dictated a world made of parts,

framing the imagination of designers and architects

who have been trained to think about their objects as assemblies

of discrete parts with distinct functions.

But you don't find homogenous material assemblies in nature.

Take human skin, for example.

Our facial skins are thin with large pores.

Our back skins are thicker, with small pores.

One acts mainly as filter,

the other mainly as barrier,

and yet it's the same skin: no parts, no assemblies.

It's a system that gradually varies its functionality

by varying elasticity.

So here this is a split screen to represent my split world view,

the split personality of every designer and architect operating today

between the chisel and the gene,

between machine and organism, between assembly and growth,

between Henry Ford and Charles Darwin.

These two worldviews, my left brain and right brain,

analysis and synthesis, will play out on the two screens behind me.

My work, at its simplest level,

is about uniting these two worldviews,

moving away from assembly

and closer into growth.

You're probably asking yourselves:

Why now?

Why was this not possible 10 or even five years ago?

We live in a very special time in history,

a rare time,

a time when the confluence of four fields is giving designers access to tools

we've never had access to before.

These fields are computational design,

allowing us to design complex forms with simple code;

additive manufacturing, letting us produce parts

by adding material rather than carving it out;

materials engineering, which lets us design the behavior of materials

in high resolution;

and synthetic biology,

enabling us to design new biological functionality by editing DNA.

And at the intersection of these four fields,

my team and I create.

Please meet the minds and hands

of my students.

We design objects and products and structures and tools across scales,

from the large-scale,

like this robotic arm with an 80-foot diameter reach

with a vehicular base that will one day soon print entire buildings,

to nanoscale graphics made entirely of genetically engineered microorganisms

that glow in the dark.

Here we've reimagined the mashrabiya,

an archetype of ancient Arabic architecture,

and created a screen where every aperture is uniquely sized

to shape the form of light and heat moving through it.

In our next project,

we explore the possibility of creating a cape and skirt --

this was for a Paris fashion show with Iris van Herpen --

like a second skin that are made of a single part,

stiff at the contours, flexible around the waist.

Together with my long-term 3D printing collaborator Stratasys,

we 3D-printed this cape and skirt with no seams between the cells,

and I'll show more objects like it.

This helmet combines stiff and soft materials

in 20-micron resolution.

This is the resolution of a human hair.

It's also the resolution of a CT scanner.

That designers have access

to such high-resolution analytic and synthetic tools,

enables to design products that fit not only the shape of our bodies,

but also the physiological makeup of our tissues.

Next, we designed an acoustic chair,

a chair that would be at once structural, comfortable

and would also absorb sound.

Professor Carter, my collaborator, and I turned to nature for inspiration,

and by designing this irregular surface pattern,

it becomes sound-absorbent.

We printed its surface out of 44 different properties,

varying in rigidity, opacity and color,

corresponding to pressure points on the human body.

Its surface, as in nature, varies its functionality

not by adding another material or another assembly,

but by continuously and delicately varying material property.

But is nature ideal?

Are there no parts in nature?

I wasn't raised in a religious Jewish home,

but when I was young,

my grandmother used to tell me stories from the Hebrew Bible,

and one of them stuck with me and came to define much of what I care about.

As she recounts:

"On the third day of Creation, God commands the Earth

to grow a fruit-bearing fruit tree."

For this first fruit tree, there was to be no differentiation

between trunk, branches, leaves and fruit.

The whole tree was a fruit.

Instead, the land grew trees that have bark and stems and flowers.

The land created a world made of parts.

I often ask myself,

"What would design be like if objects were made of a single part?

Would we return to a better state of creation?"

So we looked for that biblical material,

that fruit-bearing fruit tree kind of material, and we found it.

The second-most abundant biopolymer on the planet is called chitin,

and some 100 million tons of it are produced every year

by organisms such as shrimps, crabs, scorpions and butterflies.

We thought if we could tune its properties,

we could generate structures that are multifunctional

out of a single part.

So that's what we did.

We called Legal Seafood --

(Laughter)

we ordered a bunch of shrimp shells,

we grinded them and we produced chitosan paste.

By varying chemical concentrations,

we were able to achieve a wide array of properties --

from dark, stiff and opaque,

to light, soft and transparent.

In order to print the structures in large scale,

we built a robotically controlled extrusion system with multiple nozzles.

The robot would vary material properties on the fly

and create these 12-foot-long structures made of a single material,

100 percent recyclable.

When the parts are ready, they're left to dry

and find a form naturally upon contact with air.

So why are we still designing with plastics?

The air bubbles that were a byproduct of the printing process

were used to contain photosynthetic microorganisms

that first appeared on our planet 3.5 billion year ago,

as we learned yesterday.

Together with our collaborators at Harvard and MIT,

we embedded bacteria that were genetically engineered

to rapidly capture carbon from the atmosphere

and convert it into sugar.

For the first time,

we were able to generate structures that would seamlessly transition

from beam to mesh,

and if scaled even larger, to windows.

A fruit-bearing fruit tree.

Working with an ancient material,

one of the first lifeforms on the planet,

plenty of water and a little bit of synthetic biology,

we were able to transform a structure made of shrimp shells

into an architecture that behaves like a tree.

And here's the best part:

for objects designed to biodegrade,

put them in the sea, and they will nourish marine life;

place them in soil, and they will help grow a tree.

The setting for our next exploration using the same design principles

was the solar system.

We looked for the possibility of creating life-sustaining clothing

for interplanetary voyages.

To do that, we needed to contain bacteria and be able to control their flow.

So like the periodic table, we came up with our own table of the elements:

new lifeforms that were computationally grown,

additively manufactured

and biologically augmented.

I like to think of synthetic biology as liquid alchemy,

only instead of transmuting precious metals,

you're synthesizing new biological functionality inside very small channels.

It's called microfluidics.

We 3D-printed our own channels in order to control the flow

of these liquid bacterial cultures.

In our first piece of clothing, we combined two microorganisms.

The first is cyanobacteria.

It lives in our oceans and in freshwater ponds.

And the second, E. coli, the bacterium that inhabits the human gut.

One converts light into sugar, the other consumes that sugar

and produces biofuels useful for the built environment.

Now, these two microorganisms never interact in nature.

In fact, they never met each other.

They've been here, engineered for the first time,

to have a relationship inside a piece of clothing.

Think of it as evolution not by natural selection,

but evolution by design.

In order to contain these relationships,

we've created a single channel that resembles the digestive tract,

that will help flow these bacteria and alter their function along the way.

We then started growing these channels on the human body,

varying material properties according to the desired functionality.

Where we wanted more photosynthesis, we would design more transparent channels.

This wearable digestive system, when it's stretched end to end,

spans 60 meters.

This is half the length of a football field,

and 10 times as long as our small intestines.

And here it is for the first time unveiled at TED --

our first photosynthetic wearable,

liquid channels glowing with life inside a wearable clothing.

(Applause)

Thank you.

Mary Shelley said, "We are unfashioned creatures, but only half made up."

What if design could provide that other half?

What if we could create structures that would augment living matter?

What if we could create personal microbiomes

that would scan our skins, repair damaged tissue

and sustain our bodies?

Think of this as a form of edited biology.

This entire collection, Wanderers, that was named after planets,

was not to me really about fashion per se,

but it provided an opportunity to speculate about the future

of our race on our planet and beyond,

to combine scientific insight with lots of mystery

and to move away from the age of the machine

to a new age of symbiosis between our bodies,

the microorganisms that we inhabit,

our products and even our buildings.

I call this material ecology.

To do this, we always need to return back to nature.

By now, you know that a 3D printer prints material in layers.

You also know that nature doesn't.

It grows. It adds with sophistication.

This silkworm cocoon, for example,

creates a highly sophisticated architecture,

a home inside which to metamorphisize.

No additive manufacturing today gets even close to this level of sophistication.

It does so by combining not two materials,

but two proteins in different concentrations.

One acts as the structure, the other is the glue, or the matrix,

holding those fibers together.

And this happens across scales.

The silkworm first attaches itself to the environment --

it creates a tensile structure --

and it then starts spinning a compressive cocoon.

Tension and compression, the two forces of life,

manifested in a single material.

In order to better understand how this complex process works,

we glued a tiny earth magnet

to the head of a silkworm, to the spinneret.

We placed it inside a box with magnetic sensors,

and that allowed us to create this 3-dimensional point cloud

and visualize the complex architecture of the silkworm cocoon.

However, when we placed the silkworm on a flat patch,

not inside a box,

we realized it would spin a flat cocoon

and it would still healthily metamorphisize.

So we started designing different environments, different scaffolds,

and we discovered that the shape, the composition,

the structure of the cocoon, was directly informed by the environment.

Silkworms are often boiled to death inside their cocoons,