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Vocabulary

  • on earth: Used to emphasize a question expressing surprise or anger.
  • evidence of: Facts, objects, or signs that make you believe that something is true.
  • in general: Typically; usually; on the whole.
  • for life: For the duration of one's life; permanently.
  • beneath the surface: In or under the outer layer of something, often physically below.
  • weigh on: To cause someone to feel worried or stressed.
  • used to: Did regularly before, but don't do now
  • on the surface: Appearing to be true or real until examined more closely.
  • have to: Must do
  • apart from: Except for; not considering
  • rather than: More exactly; more correctly
  • with just: Using only; with no more than.
  • wait for: To wait until someone comes, or something happens
  • know about: To have information or understanding of a subject or situation.
  • pack a punch: Have a strong or powerful effect.
  • tune up: To adjust car engine, etc. so it works perfectly
  • got to: To arrive at some place
  • made with: Containing a particular ingredient or material.
  • have on: To be wearing something.
  • on site: At the location of a particular activity or project.
  • come back: To reply to someone, often forcefully
  • stay in: To remain inside one's home.
  • on top of that: In addition to something already mentioned; furthermore.
  • in the middle of: In the central part or point of something.
  • at night: During the night; in the nighttime.
  • cool off: To become cooler.
  • in a word: Briefly; in short.
  • below the surface: Hidden emotions or issues not immediately visible.
  • stop working: To cease performing a task or function; to become non-operational.
  • settle on: To decide definitely to do or have something.
  • off of: From a position on something; down from.
  • instead of: When one thing is replaced by another
  • out of it: Unconscious or not completely alert; dazed or confused.
  • in under: Located inside and beneath something.
  • over time: Gradually; as time passes.
  • smoking gun: Decisive evidence of a crime or wrongdoing.
  • despite the fact: In spite of; notwithstanding.
  • search for: To try to find someone or something.
  • look at: To use your eyes to focus on something
  • followed up: To check information or facts later
  • figure out: To understand the behavior of someone
  • literally: In a literal manner or sense; exactly as stated.
  • stuff: Generic description for things, materials, objects
  • sort: To organize things by putting them into groups
  • obvious: Easily understood and clear; plain to see
  • material: Cloth; fabric
  • evidence: Factual proof that helps to establish the truth
  • basically: Used before you explain something simply, clearly
  • extreme: Very great in degree
  • spot: A certain place or area
  • scene: Incident where someone behaves angrily, badly
  • atmosphere: Air around us
  • bit: Device put in a horse's mouth to control it
  • fuel: To give power to (a mob, anger, etc.); incite
  • gravity: (Of a situation) extreme seriousness
  • similar: Nearly the same; alike
  • tiny: Very, very small
  • surface: To give (road) a top layer
  • form: Sports team or person's current winning record
  • huge: Very very large
  • trap: Device used for catching animals
  • curiosity: Something unusual and perhaps worthy of collecting
  • launch: Starting a new project; introducing new product
  • planet: One of the bodies that orbit the sun
  • pretty: Being attractive to the eye in a simple way
  • reason: To think and make conclusions in a logical manner
  • couple: To join something to something else
  • option: A choice
  • mass: Religious ceremony in some Christian churches
  • ground: To break (coffee, etc.) into tiny bits with machine
  • oxygen: A gas in the air that we need to breathe
  • habitat: Natural place where a plant or animal lives
  • soil: Conditions in which something develops
  • radiation: Energy transmitted as rays, waves or particles
  • haven: Place where people can feel safe and happy
  • lot: What happens to a person in life from chance; fate
  • dioxide: An oxide containing two oxides per molecule
  • carbon: Chemical element with an atomic number of 6
  • place: To put someone in a particular type of situation
  • mineral: Substance naturally formed in the ground
  • kind: In a caring and helpful manner
  • system: Set of organized, planned ideas that work together
  • fact: Something that is known or proved to be true
  • solar: Concerning the sun, or its heat
  • protect: To defend someone or something from harm or danger
  • density: Degree to which an area is filled or covered
  • rusty: Performing badly from lack of practice
  • rocket: Powerful engine that releases hot gases
  • photosynthesis: Process of plants using the sun to make their food
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    • apart from

      US /əˈpɑrt frʌm/

      UK /əˈpɑ:t frɔm/

      • Preposition
      • Except for; not considering
      • In addition to; as well as
      More
    • at night

      US /æt naɪt/

      UK /æt nait/

      • Phrase
      • During the night; in the nighttime.
      A1
      More
    • atmosphere

      US /ˈætməˌsfɪr/

      UK /'ætməsfɪə(r)/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Air around us
      • Feeling or mood of a place
      A2
      More
    • basically

      US /ˈbesɪkəli,-kli/

      UK /ˈbeɪsɪkli/

      • Adverb
      • Used before you explain something simply, clearly
      • In essence; when you consider the most important aspects of something.
      A2
      More
    • below the surface

      US /bəˈloʊ ðə ˈsɝfɪs/

      UK /bɪˈləu ðə ˈsɜ:fɪs/

      • other
      • Hidden emotions or issues not immediately visible.
      B2
      More
    • beneath the surface

      US /bɪˈniθ ðɚ ˈsɝfəs/

      UK /bɪˈni:θ ðə ˈsɜ:rfəs/

      • other
      • In or under the outer layer of something, often physically below.
      • Hidden aspects or feelings not immediately visible or obvious.
      B2
      More
    • carbon

      US /ˈkɑrbən/

      UK /'kɑ:bən/

      • Uncountable Noun
      • Chemical element with an atomic number of 6
      B1
      More
    • come back

      US /kʌm bæk/

      UK /kʌm bæk/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To reply to someone, often forcefully
      • To be remembered
      A1
      More
    • cool off

      US /kul ɔf/

      UK /ku:l ɔf/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To become cooler.
      • To become calm after being angry or excited.
      A2
      More
    • couple

      US /ˈkʌpəl/

      UK /'kʌpl/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To join something to something else
      • (Two animals) to engage in sexual relations
      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Two people in a romantic relationship
      • Two of something; two people; a pair
      A2
      More
    • curiosity

      US /ˌkjʊriˈɑsɪti/

      UK /ˌkjʊərɪ'ɒsətɪ/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Something unusual and perhaps worthy of collecting
      • Eager desire to learn more about something
      B1
      More
    • density

      US /ˈdɛnsɪti/

      UK /ˈdensəti/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Degree to which an area is filled or covered
      • The degree of compactness of a substance.
      C1TOEIC
      More
    • despite the fact

      US

      UK

      • Preposition
      • In spite of; notwithstanding.
      • Conjunction
      • Even though; although.
      A2
      More
    • dioxide

      US /daɪˈɑksaɪd/

      UK /daɪˈɒksaɪd/

      • Noun
      • An oxide containing two oxides per molecule
      B2
      More
    • evidence of

      US

      UK

      • Phrase
      • Facts, objects, or signs that make you believe that something is true.
      • Something that shows that something else exists or is true.
      A1
      More
    • extreme

      US /ɪkˈstrim/

      UK /ɪk'stri:m/

      • Adjective
      • Very great in degree
      • Farthest from a center
      • Noun
      • Effort that is thought more than is necessary
      • The furthest point or limit of something.
      B1
      More
    • figure out

      US /ˈfɪɡjɚ aʊt/

      UK /ˈfiɡə aut/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To understand the behavior of someone
      • To think through logically to find a solution
      • Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
      • To understand or find an answer to something.
      • To find a solution to a problem or understand something.
      A1
      More
    • followed up

      US

      UK

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To check information or facts later
      • Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
      • To contact someone again after an initial meeting or communication.
      • To take further action; to pursue something further.
      A1
      More
    • for life

      US /fɔr laɪf/

      UK /fɔ: laif/

      • Phrase
      • For the duration of one's life; permanently.
      • To support someone for the duration of their life.
      • Adjective
      • Being a member for the entirety of one's life.
      A1
      More
    • fuel

      US /ˈfjuəl/

      UK /'fju:əl/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To give power to (a mob, anger, etc.); incite
      • To provide gas or petrol for something
      • Uncountable Noun
      • Material used to produce heat or power when burned
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • got to

      US /ɡɑt tu/

      UK /gɔt tu:/

      • Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
      • To arrive at some place
      • To have the opportunity or permission to do something
      • Phrasal Verb
      • To appeal to the emotions of; move
      • To finally begin to start something after a delay
      A1
      More
    • gravity

      US /ˈɡrævɪti/

      UK /ˈgrævəti/

      • Uncountable Noun
      • (Of a situation) extreme seriousness
      • Force making things fall towards the ground
      B1TOEIC
      More
    • habitat

      US /ˈhæbɪˌtæt/

      UK /'hæbɪtæt/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Natural place where a plant or animal lives
      B1
      More
    • have on

      US /hæv ɑn/

      UK /hæv ɔn/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To be wearing something.
      • To deceive or trick someone, often in a playful way.
      A1
      More
    • have to

      US /hæv tu/

      UK /ˈhæv tə/

      • Auxiliary Verb
      • Must do
      A1
      More
    • huge

      US /hjudʒ/

      UK /hju:dʒ/

      • Adjective
      • Very very large
      A2
      More
    • in a word

      US /ɪn e wɚd/

      UK /in ə wə:d/

      • Phrase
      • Briefly; in short.
      A1
      More
    • in general

      US /ɪn ˈdʒɛnərəl/

      UK /in ˈdʒenərəl/

      • Phrase
      • Typically; usually; on the whole.
      • Not specific or detailed; broadly.
      • Adjective
      • Not detailed or specific; overall.
      C2
      More
    • in the middle of

      US

      UK

      • Phrase
      • In the central part or point of something.
      • Engaged or occupied with something.
      A2
      More
    • in under

      US

      UK

      • Preposition
      • Located inside and beneath something.
      • Covered or concealed by something.
      A1
      More
    • instead of

      US /ɪnˈstɛd ʌv/

      UK /inˈsted ɔv/

      • Preposition
      • When one thing is replaced by another
      • Adverb
      • As a substitute or alternative.
      A1
      More
    • know about

      US /noʊ əˈbaʊt/

      UK /nəʊ əˈbaut/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To have information or understanding of a subject or situation.
      More
    • launch

      US /lɔntʃ, lɑntʃ/

      UK /lɔ:ntʃ/

      • Noun
      • Starting a new project; introducing new product
      • Act of firing rockets into the air
      • Transitive Verb
      • To start a new project; start selling a product
      • To put a rocket into the air
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • literally

      US /ˈlɪtərəli/

      UK

      • Adverb
      • In a literal manner or sense; exactly as stated.
      • Used for emphasis to describe something that is actually true, often to highlight surprise or intensity.
      B1
      More
    • look at

      US /lʊk æt/

      UK /luk æt/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To use your eyes to focus on something
      • To focus your eyes on something carefully
      A1
      More
    • made with

      US

      UK

      • Phrase
      • Containing a particular ingredient or material.
      • Created or produced using a specific tool, method, or process.
      • Phrasal Verb
      • To offer or provide something, often quickly or unexpectedly.
      A1
      More
    • mass

      US /mæs/

      UK /mæs/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Religious ceremony in some Christian churches
      • Large amount or number of something
      • Transitive Verb
      • To gather people or things into a large group
      B1
      More
    • material

      US /məˈtɪriəl/

      UK /məˈtɪəriəl/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Cloth; fabric
      • Supplies or data needed to do a certain thing
      • Adjective
      • Relevant; (of evidence) important or significant
      • Belonging to the world of physical things
      A2
      More
    • mineral

      US /ˈmɪnərəl/

      UK /'mɪnərəl/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Substance naturally formed in the ground
      B1
      More
    • obvious

      US /ˈɑbviəs/

      UK /ˈɒbviəs/

      • Adjective
      • Easily understood and clear; plain to see
      • Easy to see or notice.
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • off of

      US /ɔf ʌv/

      UK /ɔf ɔv/

      • Preposition
      • From a position on something; down from.
      A1
      More
    • on earth

      US /ɑn ɚθ/

      UK /ɔn ə:θ/

      • Phrase
      • Used to emphasize a question expressing surprise or anger.
      • Used to emphasize that something is not possible or will not happen.
      A1
      More
    • on site

      US /ɑn saɪt/

      UK /ɔn sait/

      • Adverb
      • At the location of a particular activity or project.
      • Present at a specific location for a particular purpose.
      A1
      More
    • on the surface

      US /ɑn ði ˈsɚfəs/

      UK /ɔn ðə ˈsə:fis/

      • Phrase
      • Appearing to be true or real until examined more closely.
      • Located on the outer part or uppermost layer of something.
      B2
      More
    • on top of that

      US

      UK

      • Phrase
      • In addition to something already mentioned; furthermore.
      A1
      More
    • option

      US /ˈɑpʃən/

      UK /'ɒpʃn/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • A choice
      • A right to buy or sell something at a particular price within a particular period.
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • out of it

      US /aʊt ʌv ɪt/

      UK /aut ɔv it/

      • Adjective
      • Unconscious or not completely alert; dazed or confused.
      • Not able to think clearly or react quickly; not with it.
      A1
      More
    • over time

      US /ˈovɚ taɪm/

      UK /ˈəuvə taim/

      • Phrase
      • Gradually; as time passes.
      • During a long period.
      • Adverb
      • Gradually; as time passes.
      B1
      More
    • oxygen

      US /ˈɑksɪdʒən/

      UK /'ɒksɪdʒən/

      • Uncountable Noun
      • A gas in the air that we need to breathe
      • Oxygen administered as a medical treatment.
      B1
      More
    • pack a punch

      US /pæk ə ˈpʌnʧ/

      UK /pæk ə ˈpʌnʧ/

      • other
      • Have a strong or powerful effect.
      B2
      More
    • photosynthesis

      US /ˌfotoˈsɪnθɪsɪs/

      UK /ˌfəʊtəʊˈsɪnθəsɪs/

      • Uncountable Noun
      • Process of plants using the sun to make their food
      C1
      More
    • planet

      US /ˈplænɪt/

      UK /'plænɪt/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • One of the bodies that orbit the sun
      • A different world or sphere of existence.
      • Proper Noun
      • The earth.
      A2
      More
    • radiation

      US /ˌrediˈeʃən/

      UK /ˌreɪdiˈeɪʃn/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Energy transmitted as rays, waves or particles
      • Harmful waves of energy from nuclear activity
      B1
      More
    • rather than

      US

      UK

      • Adverb
      • More exactly; more correctly
      • Preferably; instead
      • Preposition
      • Instead of
      A1
      More
    • rocket

      US /ˈrɑkɪt/

      UK /'rɒkɪt/

      • Noun
      • Powerful engine that releases hot gases
      • Dark green, hot-tasting salad leaf
      • Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
      • To travel, increase, or rise very quickly
      • To increase very rapidly and suddenly.
      B1
      More
    • rusty

      US /ˈrʌsti/

      UK /'rʌstɪ/

      • Adjective
      • Performing badly from lack of practice
      • Covered with or consisting of rust
      B1
      More
    • scene

      US /sin/

      UK /si:n/

      • Noun
      • Incident where someone behaves angrily, badly
      • View that looks like a picture
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • search for

      US /sɚtʃ fɔr/

      UK /sə:tʃ fɔ:/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To try to find someone or something.
      B1
      More
    • settle on

      US /ˈsɛtl ɑn/

      UK /ˈsetl ɔn/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To decide definitely to do or have something.
      B2
      More
    • smoking gun

      US /ˈsmokɪŋ ɡʌn/

      UK /ˈsməʊkɪŋ ɡʌn/

      • Noun
      • Decisive evidence of a crime or wrongdoing.
      A1
      More
    • soil

      US /sɔɪl/

      UK /sɔɪl/

      • Uncountable Noun
      • Conditions in which something develops
      • Mix of natural material in which plants grow
      • Transitive Verb
      • To get or become dirty
      B1
      More
    • solar

      US /ˈsolɚ/

      UK /'səʊlə(r)/

      • Adjective
      • Concerning the sun, or its heat
      B1
      More
    • spot

      US /spɑt/

      UK /spɒt/

      • Noun
      • A certain place or area
      • A difficult time; awkward situation
      • Transitive Verb
      • To see someone or something by chance
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • stay in

      US /ste ɪn/

      UK /stei in/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To remain inside one's home.
      • Intransitive Verb
      • To remain as an inpatient in a hospital.
      More
    • stop working

      US

      UK

      • Phrase
      • To cease performing a task or function; to become non-operational.
      A1
      More
    • stuff

      US /stʌf/

      UK /stʌf/

      • Uncountable Noun
      • Generic description for things, materials, objects
      • Transitive Verb
      • To push material inside something, with force
      B1
      More
    • surface

      US /ˈsɚfəs/

      UK /'sɜ:fɪs/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To give (road) a top layer
      • Intransitive Verb
      • To appear after being hidden, unseen, or unknown
      • To come to the top of something; emerge
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • tiny

      US /ˈtaɪni/

      UK /'taɪnɪ/

      • Adjective
      • Very, very small
      A2
      More
    • trap

      US /træp/

      UK /træp/

      • Countable Noun
      • Device used for catching animals
      • Vehicle pulled by a single horse
      • Transitive Verb
      • To use a device to catch animals or people
      • To hold, e.g. a nerve, so that it cannot move
      A2
      More
    • tune up

      US /tun ʌp/

      UK /tju:n ʌp/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To adjust car engine, etc. so it works perfectly
      A2
      More
    • used to

      US /juzd tu/

      UK /ˈju:st tə/

      • Adjective
      • Did regularly before, but don't do now
      • Auxiliary Verb
      • Have done before, but do not do now
      A1
      More
    • wait for

      US /wet fɔr/

      UK /weit fɔ:/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To wait until someone comes, or something happens
      A1
      More
    • weigh on

      US

      UK

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To cause someone to feel worried or stressed.
      A1
      More
    • with just

      US

      UK

      • Phrase
      • Using only; with no more than.
      • Barely; by a narrow margin.
      A2
      More
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    01:03

    She took a brave step forward, leaving behind her comfort zone to chase her dreams.

    Vocabulary
    • brave

      adj. Having courage

    • comfort zone

      phr. A familiar situation where one feels safe

    Explanation
    a brave step is a noun phrase, where brave is an adjective modifying the noun step, meaning "a courageous step". forward is an adverb modifying step, meaning "ahead". The whole phrase serves as the object, answering the "what" of took (verb) — she took a brave step forward.

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    brave

    US/brev/
    UK/breɪv/
    adj.Brave
    v.t.To bravely face
    A2 Elementary

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    B1
    #earth#asks#solar#martian#nasa#oxygen

    宇宙科学者だけど「火星」について質問ある? | Tech Support | WIRED Japan

    0
    林宜悉 posted on 2026/11/06
    Ever wondered why Mars is red or how scientists plan to grow food on another planet? This fun Q&A session with an astrobiologist tackles real internet questions about space exploration while helping you pick up technical English terms like 'terraforming' and 'permafrost.' You will love learning about the challenges of space travel through such an engaging and approachable expert conversation.

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