Vocabulary

• talking about: To discuss a particular topic.
• of course: Sure ; Certainly
• rather than: More exactly; more correctly
• western countries: Countries generally located in Europe and North America, characterized by democratic governments and capitalist economies.
• as soon as: In a short time after (something happens)
• at the moment: At this time; now
• got to: To arrive at some place
• have to: Must do
• between the lines: To understand the hidden meaning or intention in something.
• read between the lines: To understand the hidden or implied meaning not explicitly stated.
• all along: From the beginning; all the time.
• critical to: Extremely important or essential.
• keynote speech: A significant speech that sets out the central theme of a conference or meeting.
• behind closed doors: In private; secretly or confidentially.
• stand up for: To support someone or an idea, e.g. human rights
• in terms of
• know about: To have information or understanding of a subject or situation.
• at the same time: Simultaneously; at the identical moment.
• same time: Occurring simultaneously or at the same point in time.
• to arms: A call to take up weapons and fight.
• in a sense: In one way of thinking; to some extent; in some ways.
• think about: To consider something carefully.
• thanks to: Because of; as a result of.
• sort: To organize things by putting them into groups
• straight: Not having curves, bends, or angles
• consistent: Agreeing with or being similar to another part
• applause: The sound made by clapping a performance or speech
• expect: To believe something is probably going to happen
• sacrifice: Person/animal killed in a sacrifice (to a god)
• bit: Device put in a horse's mouth to control it
• conference: Series of lectures held as an event
• state: Region within a country, with its own government
• arguably: Highly likely to be true but not certainly true
• contrast: To compare; to show clear, obvious differences
• preserve: To cook food so it can be kept for long periods
• security: Department in a company in charge of protection
• secure: To get or achieve something with certainty
• administration: Act of giving e.g. medicine to a patient
• brace: Structure that strengthens a joint
• colleague: Person you work or cooperate with
• commission: Money paid for a service, e.g. money exchanging
• criticize: To assess the work of others
• sovereignty: The power a country has to decide for itself
• totally: In a complete way; completely; absolutely
• stage: To organize an event to gain public interest
• silent: Without making any noise; soundless
• lot: What happens to a person in life from chance; fate
• tone: Atmosphere or feeling in a message
• formation: Process of creating; making a particular shape
• important: Having power or authority
• offer: Price you say you are willing to pay for something
• spend: To use money to pay for something
• proud: Very good; worthy of making one pleased
• president: Person in charge of a country, or organization
• representative: Typical example of a particular category
• remind: To cause someone to remember what they forgot
• threaten: To cause something potential harm, or put at risk
• stand: To be a candidate in an election
• pull: Act of breathing in smoke, as from a pipe
• auditorium: Building used for concerts or lectures
• alliance: Group of people/organizations working together
• secretary: Office worker who makes appointments, etc.
• bolster: To prop up or support (e.g. a wall)
• migration: Process of moving to live in another place
• interesting: Taking your attention; making you want to know
• echo: (Of a place) to be filled with repeating sounds
• start: First time or place that a thing exists; beginning
• list: To lean to one side, like a boat or ship
• historical: Connected with the past
• ethos: Guiding principles of a group
• olive: Person's name
• dearly: Very much
• transatlantic: Going across the Atlantic Ocean
• crux: The most important, critical, or central part of a problem or argument.
• chancellor: High government official
• keynote: Fundamental/central idea, point of a speech, etc.
• commentator: Professional who discusses a particular subject