Vocabulary

• based on: To use something as the foundation or starting point for something else.
• come from: To have as your native country or city
• shift in: A change or alteration in something.
• in mind: Being aware of or considering something.
• on the basis of: Because of; using as a reason or justification.
• work over: To physically attack or beat someone severely.
• in other words: Stating something in a different way, often to make it clearer or more understandable.
• of interest: Relevant or important to someone or something.
• outside of: Located or situated beyond the boundaries or confines of something.
• says it all: To express everything that needs to be said without using many words.
• same time: Occurring simultaneously or at the same point in time.
• over time: Gradually; as time passes.
• in return: As a reciprocal action or gesture; in exchange or repayment.
• by contrast: Used to introduce an idea or situation that is very different from one you have just mentioned.
• delight in: To take great pleasure in something.
• have to: Must do
• turn into: To change to become something else
• run by: To be managed or controlled by someone or a group.
• access: Way to enter a place, e.g. a station or stadium
• genuine: Being real, actual, and not false or artificial
• tackle: To start working on a difficult problem
• sense: Certain mental feeling or emotion
• elite: The richest, most powerful, best-educated, or best-trained group in a society
• roughly: Approximately; (of numbers) about; around
• spread: A big meal, often laid out as a buffet
• advocate: A lawyer who protects a clients interests
• society: A group who meet to share values or interests
• address: Exact street location of a place
• federal: Consisting of several united states
• explain: To make clear or easy to understand by describing
• premium: Having a higher than normal quality
• virtue: Benefit, advantage, or good result of something
• stock: Animals such as cattle kept for breeding
• compare: To consider how similar and different things are
• loyalty: Complete and sustained support for person, thing
• emphasis: Special attention, importance, or force
• steep: Very expensive
• wealth: Amount of money or possessions you own, e.g. large
• revolution: When a group overthrows an existing government
• league: Group of people, countries with a common goal
• delight: Strong feeling of great pleasure
• personal: Done by or to a particular person; individual
• column: Regular series of articles in a newspaper/magazine
• merit: To earn something, such as praise or a reward
• regard: Admiration or respect for a person or thing
• toil: To do hard physical work for a long time
• replace: To use instead of something else
• government: Group of people and system that rule a nation
• wealthy: Having a great quantity of money or property
• rise: To wake up and get out of bed after sleeping
• negotiate: To have a formal discussion to reach an agreement
• competence: Ability to do in a fully satisfactory way
• conclude: To finish or cause to finish; end
• passage: Process of moving through time
• rule: Something that is normal and usually happens
• business: A company formed for making profit
• qualify: To earn a qualification through exam, studying
• aristocracy: Privileged ruling class
• income: Earned money from work, investments or business
• spawn: Product or result of something
• dispense: To distribute, prepare and give out
• grade: To give a road the required angle of slope
• racial: Of or relating to race
• prep: Preparation for an action or event
• lineage: People in someone's family who lived in the past
• calculate: To find an answer using mathematics
• aptitude: Natural gift allowing quick learning of something
• special: Being additional or extra
• surely: With certainty; definitely
• plan: Drawing of how something should be done or made
• true: Agreeing with the facts; not false; real or actual
• run: To depart or travel according to a schedule
• idea: Belief, thought, suggestion, opinion or plan
• meritocracy: System where those with talent have power
• morph: (Of computer animation) to gradually change shape
• unquote: To remove the quotation marks from
• populist: Politician claiming to represent ordinary people
• excellence: Extremely high quality
• curry: Indian food made of vegetables, meat and spices
• ballroom: Large room used mainly for dancing
• ivy: Climbing plant growing up walls of buildings
• antitrust: (Laws) preventing unfair business practices
• pylon: A large vertical steel tower to carry electricity