Vocabulary

  • over time: Gradually; as time passes.
  • at least: As a minimum
  • instead of: When one thing is replaced by another
  • on average: Typically; usually; based on an average calculation.
  • look at: To use your eyes to focus on something
  • have to: Must do
  • figure out: To understand the behavior of someone
  • as long as: For the period that; provided that.
  • go out: To leave a building (e.g. a house)
  • got to: To arrive at some place
  • for now: Temporarily; for the present time.
  • above average
  • rather than: More exactly; more correctly
  • by accident: Without intending to; unintentionally.
  • even out: To become level or uniform.
  • long for: To have a strong desire or yearning for something.
  • for example: As an illustration or instance.
  • lose money: To suffer a financial loss; to not make a profit.
  • go around: (Of news, gossip) to be known; circulate
  • stick together: To support each other; remain united.
  • in the green: Having a financial profit or gain.
  • in real life: In the physical world; not online or in a fictional setting.
  • take over: To gain control of (a company) from someone else
  • stay together: To remain in a relationship or partnership.
  • in mind: Being aware of or considering something.
  • to the effect: Expressed in a way conveying the general meaning or intention.
  • mix up: To put various things together so they become one
  • at the end of the day: Ultimately; when everything else is considered.
  • stick with: To continue to support or stay loyal to someone or something.
  • bring back: To cause to remember
  • name for: To give someone or something a particular name, often in honor of someone else.
  • change over: To switch from one thing to another.
  • a bit much: Slightly too extreme or unreasonable.
  • feel like: To have a desire or inclination for something.
  • take some time: To allocate or dedicate a period to a specific activity or purpose.
  • sink in: (Of an idea) to slowly be understood or felt
  • go below: To move down to a lower deck or level, especially on a ship.
  • flaw in: A defect or imperfection in something.
  • wash away: To remove something by the action of water.
  • in question: Being doubted or disputed; under discussion.
  • fall into place: To arrange neatly or tidily; to start to make sense
  • with respect to: In relation to; regarding.
  • look back: To think about past events
  • at the most: No more than; maximum amount or degree.
  • in the future: At a later time; in times to come.
  • rule in: To make an official decision in favor of someone in a legal case.
  • in general: Typically; usually; on the whole.
  • up there: In or to a higher place or position; far away.
  • in future: At a time yet to come; from now onwards.
  • figure: To appear in a game, play or event
  • situation: Place, position or area that something is in
  • concept: Abstract idea of something or how it works
  • average: Total of numbers divided by the number of items
  • positive: Showing agreement or support for something
  • structure: The way in which the parts of a system or object are arranged or organized, or a system arranged in this way
  • negative: The opposite to a positive electrical charge
  • sense: Certain mental feeling or emotion
  • expect: To believe something is probably going to happen
  • complex: Group of buildings all used for the same purpose
  • current: Electricity flowing through wires
  • environment: Natural world in which plants and animals live
  • explore: To examine something in detail to learn about it
  • flaw: Quality that makes something imperfect
  • bit: Device put in a horse's mouth to control it
  • predator: An animal that hunts and kills other animals
  • affect: To cause a change in something else
  • condition: To improve something to make it better
  • fraction: Small part of something
  • ignore: To not listen to, look at, or pay attention to
  • genetic: Of, relating to, or controlled by genes
  • behavior: The way a person or thing acts; manner
  • population: Number of people who live in a country, area etc.
  • benefit: Good result or effect, something advantageous
  • effect: An advantage, benefit
  • apply: To spread a substance or liquid over a surface
  • identical: The same in every way
  • pretty: Being attractive to the eye in a simple way
  • survive: To continue to live despite illness or trouble
  • option: A choice
  • equal: Same in shape, size, or number
  • competitive: Being strongly driven to win or be better than
  • equation: Mathematical statement showing things to be equal
  • extinct: (Of animal, etc.) having died out; with none left
  • frequency: Number of repetitions of (radio or sound) wave
  • equally: In an equal, even, or identical manner
  • kind: In a caring and helpful manner
  • deceive: To make someone believe something that is not true
  • learn: To get knowledge or skills by study or experience
  • build: Your physical shape; physique
  • fitness: Good physical condition; being in shape
  • hindsight: Understanding the nature of an event afterwards
  • puddle: Small pool of water or liquid on the ground
  • reproduce: To make a copy of something
  • simulation: A copying method to study the real world
  • gene: Part of cell controlling development of a thing
  • descent: Movement downward; movement toward something bad
  • altruistic: Selfless concern for the well-being of others
  • blob: Object that does not have a regular shape
  • inclusive: Covering or including everything
  • altruism: Selfless concern for the well-being of others
  • cowardly: Being fearful and unable to do something right
  • calculation: Process or result of using mathematics
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    • a bit much

      US /ə bɪt mʌtʃ/

      UK /ə bit mʌtʃ/

      • other
      • Slightly too extreme or unreasonable.
      B2
      More
    • above average

      US /əˈbʌv ˈævərɪdʒ/

      UK /əˈbʌv ˈævəridʒ/

      • Phrase
      • Adjective
      • Better than average; exceeding the norm.
      A2
      More
    • affect

      US /əˈfɛkt/

      UK /ə'fekt/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To cause a change in something else
      • To pretend to have or feel (something).
      • Noun
      • (Psychology) Emotion or feeling.
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • altruism

      US /ˈæltruˌɪzəm/

      UK /ˈæltruɪzəm/

      • Uncountable Noun
      • Selfless concern for the well-being of others
      C1
      More
    • altruistic

      US

      UK

      • Adjective
      • Selfless concern for the well-being of others
      C1
      More
    • as long as

      US /æz lɔŋ æz/

      UK /æz lɔŋ æz/

      • Conjunction
      • For the period that; provided that.
      • For the length of time that
      • Preposition
      • On the condition that; providing that.
      • Having the same length as.
      A1
      More
    • at least

      US /æt list/

      UK /æt li:st/

      • Adverb
      • As a minimum
      • Not less than
      • Phrase
      • No less than; at the minimum
      • Used to indicate that something is positive in a bad situation.
      C2
      More
    • at the end of the day

      US

      UK

      • Phrase
      • Ultimately; when everything else is considered.
      • After a day's work or activities.
      A1
      More
    • at the most

      US /ət ðə ˈmoʊst/

      UK /ət ðə ˈməust/

      • other
      • No more than; maximum amount or degree.
      A2
      More
    • average

      US /ˈævərɪdʒ, ˈævrɪdʒ/

      UK /'ævərɪdʒ/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Total of numbers divided by the number of items
      • Transitive Verb
      • To add numbers then divide by the number of items
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • benefit

      US /ˈbɛnəfɪt/

      UK /'benɪfɪt/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Good result or effect, something advantageous
      • A payment made by the state or an insurance policy to someone
      • Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
      • To have a good effect or be helpful
      • To receive an advantage; to be helped
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • blob

      US /blɑ:b/

      UK /blɒb/

      • Noun
      • Object that does not have a regular shape
      C1
      More
    • bring back

      US /brɪŋ bæk/

      UK /briŋ bæk/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To cause to remember
      • To return something
      A1
      More
    • by accident

      US /baɪ ˈæksɪdənt/

      UK /bai ˈæksidənt/

      • Phrase
      • Without intending to; unintentionally.
      More
    • calculation

      US /ˌkælkjəˈleʃən/

      UK /ˌkælkjuˈleɪʃn/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Process or result of using mathematics
      • An educated guess about something
      B2
      More
    • change over

      US

      UK

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To switch from one thing to another.
      A2
      More
    • competitive

      US /kəmˈpɛtɪtɪv/

      UK /kəmˈpetətɪv/

      • Adjective
      • Being strongly driven to win or be better than
      • As good as or better than others.
      B1
      More
    • complex

      US /kəmˈplɛks, ˈkɑmˌplɛks/

      UK /'kɒmpleks/

      • Countable Noun
      • Group of buildings all used for the same purpose
      • Adjective
      • Not being simple; having many parts or aspects
      A2
      More
    • concept

      US /ˈkɑnˌsɛpt/

      UK /'kɒnsept/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Abstract idea of something or how it works
      • A plan or intention; a conception.
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • condition

      US /kənˈdɪʃən/

      UK /kənˈdɪʃn/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To improve something to make it better
      • To cause to behave automatically in a certain way
      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Disease or other medical problem
      • The state of living you are in, e.g. good health
      A2
      More
    • cowardly

      US /ˈkaʊədli/

      UK /'kaʊədlɪ/

      • Adjective
      • Being fearful and unable to do something right
      B2
      More
    • current

      US /ˈkɚrənt, ˈkʌr-/

      UK /'kʌrənt/

      • Uncountable Noun
      • Electricity flowing through wires
      • Movement of water in a river, or air in the sky
      • Adjective
      • Happening or being in the present time
      • In general use or accepted by most people.
      A2
      More
    • deceive

      US /dɪˈsiv/

      UK /dɪ'si:v/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To make someone believe something that is not true
      B1
      More
    • descent

      US /dɪˈsɛnt/

      UK /dɪˈsent/

      • Noun
      • Movement downward; movement toward something bad
      • The origin of your family; your family before you
      B1
      More
    • equation

      US /ɪˈkweʒən, -ʃən/

      UK /ɪˈkweɪʒn/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Mathematical statement showing things to be equal
      • Complex set of different facts, ideas or issues
      B1
      More
    • even out

      US /ˈivən aʊt/

      UK /ˈi:vən aut/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To become level or uniform.
      • To distribute something equally or uniformly.
      A1
      More
    • explore

      US /ɪkˈsplɔr/

      UK /ɪk'splɔ:(r)/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To examine something in detail to learn about it
      • To travel to a place to discover more about it
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • extinct

      US /ɪkˈstɪŋkt/

      UK /ɪkˈstɪŋkt/

      • Adjective
      • (Of animal, etc.) having died out; with none left
      • (E.g. of volcano) not active
      B1TOEIC
      More
    • fall into place

      US

      UK

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To arrange neatly or tidily; to start to make sense
      • Intransitive Verb
      • To assume the correct or appropriate position; to become properly arranged.
      A1
      More
    • feel like

      US

      UK

      • Intransitive Verb
      • To have a desire or inclination for something.
      • To have a particular quality or sensation; resemble.
      A1
      More
    • figure out

      US /ˈfɪɡjɚ aʊt/

      UK /ˈfiɡə aut/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To understand the behavior of someone
      • To think through logically to find a solution
      • Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
      • To understand or find an answer to something.
      • To find a solution to a problem or understand something.
      A1
      More
    • fitness

      US /ˈfɪtnɪs/

      UK /ˈfɪtnəs/

      • Uncountable Noun
      • Good physical condition; being in shape
      B1
      More
    • flaw

      US /flɔ/

      UK /flɔ:/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Quality that makes something imperfect
      • A weakness or undesirable quality.
      • Transitive Verb
      • To impair, damage, or spoil.
      B1TOEIC
      More
    • flaw in

      US

      UK

      • Noun
      • A defect or imperfection in something.
      • A weakness or error in an argument or reasoning.
      More
    • for example

      US

      UK

      • Phrase
      • As an illustration or instance.
      More
    • for now

      US /fɔr naʊ/

      UK /fɔ: nau/

      • Phrase
      • Temporarily; for the present time.
      • In the short term; for the immediate future.
      A1
      More
    • fraction

      US /ˈfrækʃən/

      UK /ˈfrækʃn/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Small part of something
      • A numerical quantity that is not a whole number (e.g., 1/2, 0.5).
      B1TOEIC
      More
    • frequency

      US /ˈfrikwənsi/

      UK /'fri:kwənsɪ/

      • Uncountable Noun
      • Number of repetitions of (radio or sound) wave
      • How often something happens
      B1TOEIC
      More
    • gene

      US /dʒin/

      UK /dʒi:n/

      • Noun
      • Part of cell controlling development of a thing
      B1
      More
    • genetic

      US /dʒəˈnɛtɪk/

      UK /dʒəˈnetɪk/

      • Adjective
      • Of, relating to, or controlled by genes
      • Relating to genes or heredity.
      B1
      More
    • go around

      US /ɡo əˈraʊnd/

      UK /ɡəu əˈraund/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • (Of news, gossip) to be known; circulate
      • To go here and there, from place to place; wander
      A1
      More
    • go below

      US /ɡoʊ bɪˈloʊ/

      UK /ɡəʊ bɪˈləu/

      • other
      • To move down to a lower deck or level, especially on a ship.
      B1
      More
    • go out

      US /ɡo aʊt/

      UK /ɡəu aut/

      • Phrase
      • To leave a building (e.g. a house)
      • Phrasal Verb
      • (Of a fire) to burn out; be extinguished
      • Go out of fashion to stop being fashionable
      A1
      More
    • got to

      US /ɡɑt tu/

      UK /gɔt tu:/

      • Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
      • To arrive at some place
      • To have the opportunity or permission to do something
      • Phrasal Verb
      • To appeal to the emotions of; move
      • To finally begin to start something after a delay
      A1
      More
    • have to

      US /hæv tu/

      UK /ˈhæv tə/

      • Auxiliary Verb
      • Must do
      A1
      More
    • hindsight

      US /ˈhaɪndˌsaɪt/

      UK /'haɪndsaɪt/

      • Uncountable Noun
      • Understanding the nature of an event afterwards
      C1
      More
    • identical

      US /aɪˈdɛntɪkəl/

      UK /aɪˈdentɪkl/

      • Adjective
      • The same in every way
      • Satisfied by all values of the variables involved.
      B1
      More
    • ignore

      US /ɪɡˈnɔr, -ˈnor/

      UK /ɪɡ'nɔ:(r)/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To not listen to, look at, or pay attention to
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • in future

      US /ɪn ˈfjutʃɚ/

      UK /ɪn ˈfju:tʃə/

      • Preposition
      • At a time yet to come; from now onwards.
      A2
      More
    • in general

      US /ɪn ˈdʒɛnərəl/

      UK /in ˈdʒenərəl/

      • Phrase
      • Typically; usually; on the whole.
      • Not specific or detailed; broadly.
      • Adjective
      • Not detailed or specific; overall.
      C2
      More
    • in mind

      US /ɪn maɪnd/

      UK /in maind/

      • Phrase
      • Being aware of or considering something.
      • To remember or consider something.
      A2
      More
    • in question

      US /ɪn ˈkwɛstʃən/

      UK /in ˈkwestʃən/

      • Adjective
      • Being doubted or disputed; under discussion.
      • Referring to someone or something that has already been mentioned.
      A1
      More
    • in real life

      US /ɪn ˈriəl laɪf/

      UK /in riəl laif/

      • Phrase
      • In the physical world; not online or in a fictional setting.
      • Actually; genuinely; not made up or fictional.
      A2
      More
    • in the future

      US /ɪn ði ˈfjutʃɚ/

      UK /in ðə ˈfju:tʃə/

      • Phrase
      • At a later time; in times to come.
      A1
      More
    • in the green

      US /ɪn ðə ˈɡrin/

      UK /in ðə ˈɡri:n/

      • other
      • Having a financial profit or gain.
      • On the putting surface of a golf course.
      B2
      More
    • inclusive

      US /ɪnˈklusɪv/

      UK /ɪnˈklu:sɪv/

      • Adjective
      • Covering or including everything
      B2TOEIC
      More
    • instead of

      US /ɪnˈstɛd ʌv/

      UK /inˈsted ɔv/

      • Preposition
      • When one thing is replaced by another
      • Adverb
      • As a substitute or alternative.
      A1
      More
    • long for

      US /lɔŋ fɔr/

      UK /lɔŋ fɔ:/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To have a strong desire or yearning for something.
      A1
      More
    • look at

      US /lʊk æt/

      UK /luk æt/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To use your eyes to focus on something
      • To focus your eyes on something carefully
      A1
      More
    • look back

      US /lʊk bæk/

      UK /luk bæk/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To think about past events
      A1
      More
    • lose money

      US /luz ˈmʌni/

      UK /lu:z ˈmʌni/

      • Intransitive Verb
      • To suffer a financial loss; to not make a profit.
      A1
      More
    • mix up

      US /mɪks ʌp/

      UK /miks ʌp/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To put various things together so they become one
      • To cause things to become confused
      • Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
      • To confuse (two or more things or people).
      • To stir or agitate something.
      A1
      More
    • name for

      US

      UK

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To give someone or something a particular name, often in honor of someone else.
      A1
      More
    • negative

      US /ˈnɛɡətɪv/

      UK /'neɡətɪv/

      • Noun
      • The opposite to a positive electrical charge
      • In grammar, containing words such as 'no' or 'not'
      • Adjective
      • Being harmful, unwanted or unhelpful
      • In mathematics, being less than zero
      A2
      More
    • on average

      US /ɑn ˈævərɪdʒ/

      UK /ɔn ˈævəridʒ/

      • Phrase
      • Typically; usually; based on an average calculation.
      B1
      More
    • option

      US /ˈɑpʃən/

      UK /'ɒpʃn/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • A choice
      • A right to buy or sell something at a particular price within a particular period.
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • over time

      US /ˈovɚ taɪm/

      UK /ˈəuvə taim/

      • Phrase
      • Gradually; as time passes.
      • During a long period.
      • Adverb
      • Gradually; as time passes.
      B1
      More
    • population

      US /ˌpɑpjəˈleʃən/

      UK /ˌpɒpjuˈleɪʃn/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Number of people who live in a country, area etc.
      • A group of individuals of one species living in a particular area.
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • positive

      US /ˈpɑzɪtɪv/

      UK /ˈpɒzətɪv/

      • Adjective
      • Showing agreement or support for something
      • Being sure about something; knowing the truth
      • Noun
      • A photograph in which light areas are light and dark areas are dark
      A2
      More
    • predator

      US /ˈprɛdətɚ, -ˌtɔr/

      UK /'predətə(r)/

      • Countable Noun
      • An animal that hunts and kills other animals
      • Person preying on the weak to gain advantage
      B1
      More
    • puddle

      US /ˈpʌdl/

      UK /ˈpʌdl/

      • Countable Noun
      • Small pool of water or liquid on the ground
      • Intransitive Verb
      • To collect into a small pool
      B2
      More
    • rather than

      US

      UK

      • Adverb
      • More exactly; more correctly
      • Preferably; instead
      • Preposition
      • Instead of
      A1
      More
    • reproduce

      US /ˌriprəˈdus, -ˈdjus/

      UK /ˌri:prə'dju:s/

      • Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
      • To make a copy of something
      • To have children/young; grow roots/new plants
      B1
      More
    • rule in

      US

      UK

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To make an official decision in favor of someone in a legal case.
      B1
      More
    • simulation

      US /ˌsɪmjəˈleʃən/

      UK /ˌsɪmjuˈleɪʃn/

      • Noun
      • A copying method to study the real world
      B1TOEIC
      More
    • sink in

      US /sɪŋk ɪn/

      UK /siŋk in/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • (Of an idea) to slowly be understood or felt
      • To penetrate a surface.
      A2
      More
    • stay together

      US

      UK

      • Intransitive Verb
      • To remain in a relationship or partnership.
      • To remain in a group; not to separate.
      A1
      More
    • stick together

      US

      UK

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To support each other; remain united.
      • To adhere physically; to be joined by an adhesive substance.
      B1
      More
    • stick with

      US /stɪk wɪð/

      UK /stik wið/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To continue to support or stay loyal to someone or something.
      • To continue doing or using something; to persevere.
      A1
      More
    • structure

      US /ˈstrʌk.tʃɚ/

      UK /ˈstrʌk.tʃə/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • The way in which the parts of a system or object are arranged or organized, or a system arranged in this way
      • A building or other man-made object.
      • Transitive Verb
      • To plan, organize, or arrange the parts of something
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • survive

      US /sɚˈvaɪv/

      UK /sə'vaɪv/

      • Intransitive Verb
      • To continue to live despite illness or trouble
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • take over

      US /tek ˈovɚ/

      UK /teik ˈəuvə/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To gain control of (a company) from someone else
      • To assume control or possession of something.
      A1
      More
    • take some time

      US

      UK

      • Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
      • To allocate or dedicate a period to a specific activity or purpose.
      A1
      More
    • to the effect

      US /tu ði ɪˈfɛkt/

      UK /tu ði iˈfekt/

      • other
      • Expressed in a way conveying the general meaning or intention.
      B2
      More
    • up there

      US /ʌp ðɛr/

      UK /ʌp ðɛə/

      • Adverb
      • In or to a higher place or position; far away.
      • In heaven.
      A1
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    • wash away

      US /wɑʃ əˈwe/

      UK /wɔʃ əˈwei/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To remove something by the action of water.
      • To gradually eliminate or make something disappear.
      A2
      More
    • with respect to

      US /wɪð rɪˈspɛkt tu/

      UK /wið risˈpekt tu:/

      • Preposition
      • In relation to; regarding.
      • Phrase
      • In relation to; concerning.
      A1
      More
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    01:03

    She took a brave step forward, leaving behind her comfort zone to chase her dreams.

    Vocabulary
    • brave

      adj. Having courage

    • comfort zone

      phr. A familiar situation where one feels safe

    Explanation
    a brave step is a noun phrase, where brave is an adjective modifying the noun step, meaning "a courageous step". forward is an adverb modifying step, meaning "ahead". The whole phrase serves as the object, answering the "what" of took (verb) — she took a brave step forward.

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    brave

    US/brev/
    UK/breɪv/
    adj.Brave
    v.t.To bravely face
    A2 Elementary

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    B1US
    #allele#altruism#hamilton#frequency#orange#blob

    Simulating the Evolution of Sacrificing for Family

    0
    Yuxixi posted on 2025/11/19
    Ever wondered why animals sacrifice themselves for family? This video dives into the fascinating science behind kin selection and Hamilton's rule, using cool evolutionary simulations to explain how genes 'gamble' for survival! You'll pick up some advanced vocabulary like 'inclusive fitness' and 'genetic relatedness' while exploring this complex topic.

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