Vocabulary

  • in future: At a time yet to come; from now onwards.
  • on average: Typically; usually; based on an average calculation.
  • have to: Must do
  • think about: To consider something carefully.
  • instead of: When one thing is replaced by another
  • feel like: To have a desire or inclination for something.
  • thanks to: Because of; as a result of.
  • go out: To leave a building (e.g. a house)
  • in pairs: Divided into or working as two people together.
  • at the same time: Simultaneously; at the identical moment.
  • same time: Occurring simultaneously or at the same point in time.
  • figure out: To understand the behavior of someone
  • start out: To begin your life or career in a particular way.
  • for sure: Definitely; certainly; without a doubt.
  • use up: To use all of; consume
  • going on: To continue doing something
  • each end: At both extremities or sides of something.
  • end up with: To have something as a result.
  • of course: Sure ; Certainly
  • in detail: Thoroughly and completely; giving full particulars.
  • do in: To make completely tired out and exhausted
  • come away with: To have a particular feeling or impression after an event or experience.
  • fair point: A valid or reasonable statement; a good argument.
  • add up to: To amount to a particular sum or total.
  • make up: To invent or create a story
  • build on: To develop or expand something; to use something as a foundation for further progress.
  • for example: As an illustration or instance.
  • go back to: To return to a starting point
  • out of it: Unconscious or not completely alert; dazed or confused.
  • check out
  • assume: To act in a false manner to mislead others
  • strategy: Careful plan or method for achieving a goal
  • situation: Place, position or area that something is in
  • average: Total of numbers divided by the number of items
  • conflict: Argument or struggle between two or more parties
  • sense: Certain mental feeling or emotion
  • expect: To believe something is probably going to happen
  • amount: Quantity of something
  • bit: Device put in a horse's mouth to control it
  • field: Area of study, such as physics or biology
  • theory: Ideas or principles that explain facts or events
  • reverse: Setting that makes the vehicle go backward
  • affect: To cause a change in something else
  • dilemma: Position in which you must make difficult choices
  • condition: To improve something to make it better
  • fraction: Small part of something
  • similar: Nearly the same; alike
  • behavior: The way a person or thing acts; manner
  • population: Number of people who live in a country, area etc.
  • pause: To stop doing for a while before continuing
  • opponent: Person who opposes an idea or plan; enemy
  • survive: To continue to live despite illness or trouble
  • equal: Same in shape, size, or number
  • rest: Time when one relaxes, sleeps, or is inactive
  • dive: Restaurant, bar or club with a bad reputation
  • record: Highest or most extreme level achieved
  • fit: Good looking; physically attractive
  • analyze: To study carefully to find out the meaning of
  • energy: Physical or mental strength
  • gain: To increase in something, such as weight
  • plug: Wood, rubber or metal used to block a hole
  • waste: To kill or severely harm someone
  • creature: Animal of any type
  • notice: To become aware by sight, touch, or hearing
  • complicate: To make more difficult to do, understand or use
  • lot: What happens to a person in life from chance; fate
  • channel: Long hole dug in the ground, e.g. to move water
  • kind: In a caring and helpful manner
  • control: A device designed to operate a machine
  • fluctuate: To shift back and forth uncertainly; change a lot
  • animate: To give life, energy, or motion to something
  • mixture: Something made by combining two or more things
  • contest: Struggle or competition between rivals
  • equilibrium: A state of balance or harmony
  • reproduce: To make a copy of something
  • simulation: A copying method to study the real world
  • maximize: To make as large or great as possible
  • discretion: The right to exercise your own judgment
  • calculate: To find an answer using mathematics
  • blob: Object that does not have a regular shape
  • hawk: Large bird kills smaller birds and animals
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    • add up to

      US /æd ʌp tu/

      UK /æd ʌp tu:/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To amount to a particular sum or total.
      • To have a particular result or effect; to be equal to.
      A2
      More
    • affect

      US /əˈfɛkt/

      UK /ə'fekt/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To cause a change in something else
      • To pretend to have or feel (something).
      • Noun
      • (Psychology) Emotion or feeling.
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • analyze

      US /ˈænəˌlaɪz/

      UK /'ænəlaɪz/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To study carefully to find out the meaning of
      B1TOEIC
      More
    • animate

      US /ˈænəˌmet/

      UK /'ænɪmeɪt/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To give life, energy, or motion to something
      B2
      More
    • assume

      US /əˈsum/

      UK /ə'sju:m/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To act in a false manner to mislead others
      • To believe, based on the evidence; suppose
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • at the same time

      US

      UK

      • Phrase
      • Simultaneously; at the identical moment.
      • Nevertheless; however; used to introduce a contrasting or qualifying statement.
      A1
      More
    • average

      US /ˈævərɪdʒ, ˈævrɪdʒ/

      UK /'ævərɪdʒ/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Total of numbers divided by the number of items
      • Transitive Verb
      • To add numbers then divide by the number of items
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • blob

      US /blɑ:b/

      UK /blɒb/

      • Noun
      • Object that does not have a regular shape
      C1
      More
    • build on

      US /bɪld ɑn/

      UK /bild ɔn/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To develop or expand something; to use something as a foundation for further progress.
      • To use something as a base or foundation for further development or success.
      A2
      More
    • calculate

      US /ˈkælkjəˌlet/

      UK /'kælkjʊleɪt/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To find an answer using mathematics
      • To make an educated guess about something
      B2
      More
    • channel

      US /ˈtʃænəl/

      UK /'tʃænl/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Long hole dug in the ground, e.g. to move water
      • TV or radio station or its programs
      • Transitive Verb
      • To dig a long hole for carrying water
      • To send (e.g. money) to a certain place or person
      B1
      More
    • check out

      US /tʃɛk aʊt/

      UK /tʃek aut/

      • Phrase
      • Phrasal Verb
      • To find out information about something
      • To take books out of a library
      A1
      More
    • come away with

      US

      UK

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To have a particular feeling or impression after an event or experience.
      • To obtain or win something as a result of an event or activity.
      A1
      More
    • complicate

      US /ˈkɑ:mplɪkeɪt/

      UK /ˈkɒmplɪkeɪt/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To make more difficult to do, understand or use
      B1
      More
    • condition

      US /kənˈdɪʃən/

      UK /kənˈdɪʃn/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To improve something to make it better
      • To cause to behave automatically in a certain way
      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Disease or other medical problem
      • The state of living you are in, e.g. good health
      A2
      More
    • conflict

      US /ˈkɑnˌflɪkt/

      UK /'kɒnflɪkt/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Argument or struggle between two or more parties
      • A serious disagreement or argument.
      • Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
      • To have opposite ideas; to disagree; To not match
      A2
      More
    • contest

      US /ˈkɑnˌtɛst/

      UK /'kɒntest/

      • Noun
      • Struggle or competition between rivals
      • Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
      • To struggle or compete against other people
      • To not accept an official or legal judgment
      B1
      More
    • creature

      US /ˈkritʃɚ/

      UK /ˈkri:tʃə(r)/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Animal of any type
      • An animal, as distinct from a human being.
      A2
      More
    • dilemma

      US /dɪˈlɛmə/

      UK /dɪ'lemə/

      • Noun
      • Position in which you must make difficult choices
      • An argument forcing an opponent to choose between two unfavorable alternatives.
      B1
      More
    • discretion

      US /dɪˈskrɛʃən/

      UK /dɪˈskreʃn/

      • Uncountable Noun
      • The right to exercise your own judgment
      B2TOEIC
      More
    • dive

      US /daɪv/

      UK /daɪv/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Restaurant, bar or club with a bad reputation
      • Rapid fall through air
      • Intransitive Verb
      • To swim deep under water with an air supply
      • To rapid fall through air
      B1
      More
    • do in

      US

      UK

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To make completely tired out and exhausted
      • To destroy or cause damage to someone
      A1
      More
    • each end

      US

      UK

      • Phrase
      • At both extremities or sides of something.
      A1
      More
    • end up with

      US

      UK

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To have something as a result.
      A1
      More
    • energy

      US /ˈɛnədʒi/

      UK /'enədʒɪ/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Physical or mental strength
      • Enthusiasm and determination.
      A2
      More
    • equilibrium

      US /ˌikwəˈlɪbriəm, ˌɛkwə-/

      UK /ˌi:kwɪˈlɪbriəm/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • A state of balance or harmony
      • Calm, quiet, undisturbed emotional state
      C2TOEIC
      More
    • fair point

      US

      UK

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • A valid or reasonable statement; a good argument.
      A2
      More
    • feel like

      US

      UK

      • Intransitive Verb
      • To have a desire or inclination for something.
      • To have a particular quality or sensation; resemble.
      A1
      More
    • figure out

      US /ˈfɪɡjɚ aʊt/

      UK /ˈfiɡə aut/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To understand the behavior of someone
      • To think through logically to find a solution
      • Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
      • To understand or find an answer to something.
      • To find a solution to a problem or understand something.
      A1
      More
    • fit

      US /fɪt/

      UK /fɪt/

      • Adjective
      • Good looking; physically attractive
      • Having good physical health and strength
      • Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
      • To install a machine, equipment etc.
      • To adjust or change to the right size or shape
      A2
      More
    • fluctuate

      US /ˈflʌktʃuˌet/

      UK /'flʌktʃʊeɪt/

      • Intransitive Verb
      • To shift back and forth uncertainly; change a lot
      B1TOEIC
      More
    • for example

      US

      UK

      • Phrase
      • As an illustration or instance.
      More
    • for sure

      US /fɔr ʃʊr/

      UK /fɔ: ʃuə/

      • Adverb
      • Definitely; certainly; without a doubt.
      • Used to emphasize a statement.
      • Interjection
      • An expression of strong agreement or affirmation.
      A2
      More
    • fraction

      US /ˈfrækʃən/

      UK /ˈfrækʃn/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Small part of something
      • A numerical quantity that is not a whole number (e.g., 1/2, 0.5).
      B1TOEIC
      More
    • gain

      US /ɡen/

      UK /ɡeɪn/

      • Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
      • To increase in something, such as weight
      • To get something wanted, needed or valued
      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • An increase in something, such as weight
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • go back to

      US /ɡo bæk tu/

      UK /ɡəu bæk tu:/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To return to a starting point
      A1
      More
    • go out

      US /ɡo aʊt/

      UK /ɡəu aut/

      • Phrase
      • To leave a building (e.g. a house)
      • Phrasal Verb
      • (Of a fire) to burn out; be extinguished
      • Go out of fashion to stop being fashionable
      A1
      More
    • going on

      US /ˈɡoɪŋ ɑn/

      UK /ˈgəʊɪŋ ɔn/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To continue doing something
      • To happen (usually negative)
      A1
      More
    • have to

      US /hæv tu/

      UK /ˈhæv tə/

      • Auxiliary Verb
      • Must do
      A1
      More
    • hawk

      US /hɔk/

      UK /hɔ:k/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Large bird kills smaller birds and animals
      • Someone wanting to go to war using the military
      • Intransitive Verb
      • To remove something from the throat by coughing
      B2
      More
    • in detail

      US /ɪn dɪˈtel/

      UK /in ˈdi:teil/

      • Phrase
      • Thoroughly and completely; giving full particulars.
      A2
      More
    • in future

      US /ɪn ˈfjutʃɚ/

      UK /ɪn ˈfju:tʃə/

      • Preposition
      • At a time yet to come; from now onwards.
      A2
      More
    • in pairs

      US

      UK

      • Phrase
      • Divided into or working as two people together.
      A1
      More
    • instead of

      US /ɪnˈstɛd ʌv/

      UK /inˈsted ɔv/

      • Preposition
      • When one thing is replaced by another
      • Adverb
      • As a substitute or alternative.
      A1
      More
    • make up

      US /mek ʌp/

      UK /meik ʌp/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To invent or create a story
      • To add up to
      • Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
      • To invent a story, excuse, etc.
      • To compensate for something lost, missed, or deficient.
      A1
      More
    • maximize

      US /ˈmæksəˌmaɪz/

      UK /ˈmæksɪmaɪz/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To make as large or great as possible
      B1
      More
    • mixture

      US /ˈmɪkstʃɚ/

      UK /ˈmɪkstʃə(r)/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Something made by combining two or more things
      B1
      More
    • of course

      US /ʌv kɔː(r)s/

      UK /ɔv kɔː(r)s/

      • Adverb
      • Sure ; Certainly
      • Phrase
      • For sure; certainly
      A2
      More
    • on average

      US /ɑn ˈævərɪdʒ/

      UK /ɔn ˈævəridʒ/

      • Phrase
      • Typically; usually; based on an average calculation.
      B1
      More
    • opponent

      US /əˈponənt/

      UK /əˈpəʊnənt/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Person who opposes an idea or plan; enemy
      • Person that you are competing against in a game
      B1
      More
    • out of it

      US /aʊt ʌv ɪt/

      UK /aut ɔv it/

      • Adjective
      • Unconscious or not completely alert; dazed or confused.
      • Not able to think clearly or react quickly; not with it.
      A1
      More
    • pause

      US /pɔz/

      UK /pɔ:z/

      • Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
      • To stop doing for a while before continuing
      • To temporarily interrupt the execution of a program or process.
      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • A temporary break before continuing
      • Function on a device to stop and restart it
      A2
      More
    • plug

      US /plʌɡ/

      UK /plʌg/

      • Noun
      • Wood, rubber or metal used to block a hole
      • Thing on a wire to connect to electricity supply
      • Transitive Verb
      • To use an object to block a hole
      • To promote or advertise a product
      B1TOEIC
      More
    • population

      US /ˌpɑpjəˈleʃən/

      UK /ˌpɒpjuˈleɪʃn/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Number of people who live in a country, area etc.
      • A group of individuals of one species living in a particular area.
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • reproduce

      US /ˌriprəˈdus, -ˈdjus/

      UK /ˌri:prə'dju:s/

      • Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
      • To make a copy of something
      • To have children/young; grow roots/new plants
      B1
      More
    • reverse

      US /rɪˈvɚs/

      UK /rɪ'vɜ:s/

      • Noun
      • Setting that makes the vehicle go backward
      • Instance of a significant change, for the worse
      • Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
      • To drive a vehicle backward
      • To change to an opposite state, way or condition
      B1TOEIC
      More
    • same time

      US

      UK

      • Phrase
      • Occurring simultaneously or at the same point in time.
      • At the identical time as before; recurring at a fixed hour.
      • Noun
      • An equal duration or period.
      A1
      More
    • simulation

      US /ˌsɪmjəˈleʃən/

      UK /ˌsɪmjuˈleɪʃn/

      • Noun
      • A copying method to study the real world
      B1TOEIC
      More
    • start out

      US /stɑrt aʊt/

      UK /stɑ:t aut/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To begin your life or career in a particular way.
      • To begin a journey.
      A1
      More
    • strategy

      US /ˈstrætədʒi/

      UK /'strætədʒɪ/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Careful plan or method for achieving a goal
      • Branch of military dealing with command
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • survive

      US /sɚˈvaɪv/

      UK /sə'vaɪv/

      • Intransitive Verb
      • To continue to live despite illness or trouble
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • thanks to

      US /θæŋks tu/

      UK /θæŋks tu:/

      • Preposition
      • Because of; as a result of.
      A1
      More
    • theory

      US /ˈθiəri, ˈθɪri/

      UK /ˈθiəri/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Ideas or principles that explain facts or events
      • An idea or belief about something
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • think about

      US /θɪŋk əˈbaʊt/

      UK /θiŋk əˈbaut/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To consider something carefully.
      • To remember or call to mind.
      A1
      More
    • use up

      US /juz ʌp/

      UK /ju:z ʌp/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To use all of; consume
      A1
      More
    • waste

      US /west/

      UK /weɪst/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To kill or severely harm someone
      • To use valuable things ineffectively
      • Uncountable Noun
      • Materials left over after a process has finished
      A2TOEIC
      More
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    01:03

    She took a brave step forward, leaving behind her comfort zone to chase her dreams.

    Vocabulary
    • brave

      adj. Having courage

    • comfort zone

      phr. A familiar situation where one feels safe

    Explanation
    a brave step is a noun phrase, where brave is an adjective modifying the noun step, meaning "a courageous step". forward is an adverb modifying step, meaning "ahead". The whole phrase serves as the object, answering the "what" of took (verb) — she took a brave step forward.

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    brave

    US/brev/
    UK/breɪv/
    adj.Brave
    v.t.To bravely face
    A2 Elementary

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    B1US
    #hawk#dove#equilibrium#strategy#play#population

    Simulating the Evolution of Aggression

    0
    Yuxixi posted on 2025/11/19
    Ever wondered how aggression evolves? This video dives into the fascinating Hawk-Dove model using game theory and cool simulations to show how different strategies play out! You'll pick up some advanced vocabulary related to evolutionary dynamics and population behavior, making it a fantastic watch for curious minds.

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