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This is Heathrow Airport—Britain's Busiest.

Each day, about 650 flights take off from one of its two runways.

At the busiest times, this represents one aircraft every 45 seconds.

Of those 650, about twenty flights daily head to Frankfurt.

Between British Airways and Lufthansa, flights on this route depart more than hourly throughout

the daytime.

This makes Frankfurt one of Heathrow's most frequently served destinations.

Despite the unremarkable nature of such a flight, the complexity of even this one hour

hop is enormous.

It takes dozens of people spread out all across the continent to coordinate and navigate just

one of these flights safely to its destination.

This is everything that happens within the 90 minutes it takes to for a plane to get

from its gate at Heathrow to its gate in Frankfurt.

Hours before the flight is scheduled to take off, British Airways will have sent a flight

plan to here—Eurocontrol's Network Manager Operations Centre in Brussels.

Now, Eurocontrol is an intergovernmental air traffic management organization.

“Prissinotti: [00:01:57] Well, Eurocontrol is an intergovernmental organization of 43

states in Europe and beyond and we do air traffic management service transversal.”

What that means is that Eurocontrol deals with a variety of different aspects of the

job of managing air traffic in Europe.

One element of that is what's called network management.

This function essentially involves, from this room, making sure that flights make their

way through Europe as safely and smoothly as possible.

That field is headed up by Lacopo Prissinotti—Eurocontrol's Director of Network Management.

“Prissinotti: [00:05:53] So here you see that's our operational room.

The scope is to provide services to 43 air navigation service providers, to provide services

to more than 500 airports, and to provide services to more than 1000 airlines over the

network.”

One corner of this room is devoted to checking those flight plans that airlines send in.

Now, what they need to check is that these plans are following the rules.

You see, to aircraft, the sky does not look like this, but rather this.

At least in most of Europe, there are thousands upon thousands of pre-defined airways each

with their own rules on directionality and routes and more so aircraft not only need

to fly on these roads but they also need to follow the rules of the roads.

Looking at this map, you can see why, for example, you won't see many planes flying

over this area in the east of England—there just aren't many airways there.

Eurocontrol sends the fight plans through a program to check that they follows these

rules but if the computer rejects it, then it goes to these people in about 2% of cases

who coordinate with the airline to fix it manually.

From there, they'll distribute the flight plans to all the air traffic control centers

that each aircraft is expected to fly over.

That process happens before the flight has even taken off.

Going back to that British Airways, Heathrow to Frankfurt flight, once their plan is approved,

the plane is fueled, loaded, and ready to go, the pilot will get approval from British

Airways' flight dispatcher and Heathrow's ground control to push back.

Ground control at Heathrow is responsible for navigating all the vehicles and planes

safely across the apron up until when they reach the runway.

The moment an aircraft gets to the runway, they are then the responsibility of tower

control which, assuming all is well, clears them for takeoff.

As the plane reaches altitude, it will be passed off to the London Terminal Control

Centre located near Southampton which navigates aircraft through the complex London-area airspace

until they reach 24,500 feet, or flight level 245, which for this flight should be just

about when it reaches the coast.

From there, they'll be transferred to the London Area Control Centre, which is physically

located in the same building, to navigate them across the channel.

Once they reach about halfway across, however, they leave the UK's airspace and enter Belgium's.

With that, they are now the responsibility of the Maastricht Upper Area Control Center—also

managed by Eurocontrol.

“Santurbano: [00:00:20] We are a European nonprofit.

A cross-border military civil air navigation service provider.

And, uh, yeah, our job is that we handle safely and in an efficient and performed way all

traffic above flight level 245—24,500 feet.”

To reiterate, they handle traffic across this whole area, above 24,500 feet or 7,500 meters.

“Santurbano: [00:01:45] So we manage, what, more or less 1.9 Million of movements per

year, so between 5,000 and 5,700 movements depending on the on the season and the day,

per day.”

It's one of the busiest and most complex airspaces in Europe especially as it receives

a significant amount of traffic climbing from or descending into four of of Europe's five

busiest airports—Heathrow, Schiphol, Frankfurt, and Paris Charles de Gaulle.

Every single one of those flights, as long as it's between flight level 245 and 660,

is in contact with the people in this room.

Now, the Maastricht control centre's airspace is divided into three sector groups—the

Brussels, Hannover, and DECO sector groups.

Each sector group is staffed by their own set of controllers who only work on their

group—a Brussels sector group controller would very rarely switch over to the Hannover

group, for example.

Many controllers spend their entire careers working at one control center within one sector

group.

This allows them to really learn the design of their airspace in depth.

Each of the sector groups is then divided into sectors themselves.

Now, sectors can be divided both horizontally and vertically.

For example, there's the Luxembourg sector, between flight level 245 and 355, and also

the Luxembourg High sector, above flight level 335.

At the very busiest times, each sector will have its own dedicated set of controllers.

At less busy times, though, they can and do combine the upper and lower sector together

so they're staffed by one set of controllers.

At the least busy times, such as in the middle of the night, they'll often combine a number

of sectors.

For example, the entirety of Belgian airspace is typically controlled by one set of controllers

in the dead of night.

In charge of each sector are two controllers working as a team.

One is in charge of talking to pilots, the other is in charge of talking to their counterparts

at other sectors to coordinate handovers.

Now, in practice, for that London to Frankfurt flight, before it enters Maastricht's airspace

in the Koksy sector, they'll receive info on where and at which flight level it will

arrive.

They'll also get info from the flight plan on where it's supposed to exit their sector.

An aircraft also might enter at one altitude and be planned to exit at another.

The task is then to safely navigate the aircraft from the entry point to exit point and deliver

it to the next sector at the desired altitude.

Now, assuming no added obstructions such as weather or airspace closures, the main obstacles

planes need to avoid at this altitude are other planes.

There are rules about how close a plane can be to another in order to avoid any chance

of midair collision and the controller's job is to make sure that these rules are not

broken or, if they are, to get to the correct level of separation as soon as possible.

An aircraft must be either vertically or horizontally separated from all others at any given time.

What this means is that typically, a commercial aircraft cruising at this altitude can be

as little as 1000 vertical feet or 300 vertical meters away from another.

That's vertical separation.

Alternatively, an aircraft can be horizontally separated.

They have to be at least 5 nautical miles, 6 miles, or 9 kilometers apart if they're

within 1000 feet vertically.

Now, in order to achieve the goals of getting the aircraft to its exit point without breaking

minimum separation, there are three factors the controller can instruct the pilot to change—speed,

altitude, and direction.

That is essentially what a controller spends most of their time doing—determining where

the aircraft needs to go, how to get it there, and communicating that to the pilot.

Soon enough, after just a few minutes, as the aircraft reaches its exit point from the

sector, it will be passed onto the controller of the next sector.

In this case, it'll go into Nicky Sector, then Olno sector, then it will move onto airspace

beyond what the Maastricht Upper Area Control Centre manages.

As the plane starts to descends it will be passed onto the controllers dealing with lower

airspace, then approach and tower control to guide it into landing.

All told, on just this hour long flight, more than a dozen air traffic controllers will

have dealt with this aircraft.

But that's what happens when absolutely everything is going right, which is rarely

the case.

You see, back at Eurocontrol's network manager room, the second thing they do with the flight

plans they receive is make sure that once an aircraft gets flying, there are actually

enough air traffic controllers to manage it.“Thomas: [00:01:50] So, air traffic control, they decide

on their capacity i.e. how many flights can safely be handled in one piece of airspace

by one air traffic controller.

That's their decision based on their staffing, based on their infrastructure, their tools,

and that is communicated to us.”

So, there's a limited number of flights a single air traffic controller can handle,

but there's also a limited number of air traffic controllers.

It's no secret that Europe, along with much of the world, is suffering through an air

traffic controller shortage right now.

Simultaneously, also along with much of the world, Europe has been experiencing a tremendous

increase in its number of flights.

This supply and demand mismatch has consequences.

In 2018, 60% of all en-route delays—as in, while the aircraft is actually flying—were

because of not having enough air traffic control capacity.

Part of Eurocontrol's job, therefore, is to utilize the limited resource in the most

effective way possible.

Often, they reduce overall delays by delaying flights.

Sometimes its just for a few minutes, sometimes it's for longer, but if you're flying

in Europe and you hear that your flight is delayed for air traffic control reasons, that

decision was probably made in this room.

It's just like a ramp meter on a highway—they let a manageable number of flights fly at

any given time when there are capacity constraints.

Now, when a flight receives a delay by Eurocontrol, the airline essentially has two choices—accept

the delay and wait it out or fly a different route.

Airlines have access to Eurocontrol's system to help them make this decision.“Thomas:

[00:09:26] For instance here is a flight, it's a Thomas Cook flight from Manchester

going to Antalya in Turkey and they have planned this blue route here.”

This is the route that Thomas Cook has decided is best for them—it's the least expensive

considering fuel costs, overflight costs, and everything.

Given that it flies through capacity constrained areas, though, to fly this route, they would

have to sit through a delay.

“Thomas: [00:10:05] Through our system now they can look at to see OK where our routes

that do not give them delay.