That was a quote from the Theory of Colours, published back in 1810 by Goethe, a German

writer. He wrote about how colours are perceived by humans, how they make us think and feel.

"Red conveys an impression of gravity and dignity, and at the same time of grace and

attractiveness." "The appearance of blue is gloomy and melancholy." "Yellow carries with

it the nature of brightness, and has a serene, softly exciting character."

Goethe's definition of colour by our experience of it was dismissed by the scientific community,

physicists like Newton knew colour was wavelengths of visible light.

But Goethe's colour wheel is beautiful in it's simplicity and in it's recognition of

how our environment affects our psychological states.

Let's fast forward 200 or so years. In somewhere like Times Square, vibrant, plentiful colour

is just part of the landscape. Our use of colour has evolved from the realm of artists

to the art of persuasion.

Colour plays a huge role in recognising brands, advertisements and creating the store environments

that influence our purchases so much.

Research shows red creates a sense of urgency, it increases our heart rate and leads to spontaneous

purchases. Blue is calm, cool and leads us to be more well-considered in our spending.

Researchers found a correlation between pleasant emotions and the wavelength of a colour, so

people felt more pleasant when they were exposed to short wavelength colours, like blue.

One study even looked at how blue and red influence our shopping behaviour. Two stores

were constructed, one with a red colour scheme and one with a blue colour scheme. Participants

were given some money and the task of buying a TV. It was found there were longer browsing

times and more purchases in the blue store.

Another study found that shoppers are 15% more likely to return to a store with blue

color schemes than those with orange color schemes.

But these studies just group colours and effects together. What about brightness and saturation,

the intensity of a colour? And of course there's more than colour involved, there's influences

like smell, music, temperature and salespeople.

Atmospherics is the conscious designing of space, including all of those things, to create

specific effects in buyers... really the effect of buy, buy, buy and come back soon to buy

more. Supermarkets, for example, consider the height of shelving, the intensity of lights

and the style of floors to try and create a rustic, marketplace feel, so you're comfortable.

And buy more.

As more and more people now shop online, atmospherics and the art of persuasion are evolving into

more of a science. Researchers are monitoring the brain activity of their participants while

they're browsing and shopping online.

One study used fMRI and showed subjects a number of potential products, like different

types of chocolate. They found the activation in a certain brain area (NAcc), normally associated

with reward processing, was positively correlated with their decision to buy the product.

There are lots of factors in an online environment that lead to the activation of this area,

and your purchase. Some factors you tend to notice, like design cues such as where the

text is placed on the screen. Studies have shown that text placed to the right of the

item can have more influence on someone buying it than text placed on the left side. But

ambient cues, like music and colour, are thought to be processed subconsciously.

Another study showed that a couch sold twice as well when a furniture website had a blue

background than when it had a green one. Researchers said perhaps the green background reminded

people of money and made them more reserved, where the blue triggered a relaxed state of

mind.

This may all seem trivial, but colour has been shown to influence our mood, behaviour

and what we buy, whether it's in store or online. And 200 (or so) years after Goethe

we're still asking questions about just how colour affects emotion.

Back in the 1800s he said "We shall not be surprised to find that colour's effects are

immediately associated with the emotions of the mind."

It's just a few years too late for Goethe to be tickled pink with some supporting evidence.

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