Uh, okay, Firstofall, letmegiveyou a onecentthissummaryoffwhat a cornercomputeris.
A quantumcomputeris a typeofcomputerthatmakesuseofquantummechanicssothatitcanperformcertaintypesofcompetitionsmoreefficientlythan a regularcomputercamp.
Okay, sorightnowthatsentthismightseem a littlebitvague, butmygoalinthisvideoistomakethatsentencemake a littlebitmoresenseon a littlebitmoreconcrete.
Bytheendofthisvideo, togetstudywiththat, weneedtogetstartedwith a nonquantumcomputeror a classicalcomputer, asit's known, justlikemylaptoprighthere.
A classicalcomputerstores, informationandwhat's calledbits.
Asyoumightalreadyknow, bitsareexpressedas a bunchofonesandzerosondifferentkindsoftheinformationcanberepresentedasbits, whetherit's numbers, textphotosorvideos.
Now a quantumcomputerisradicallydifferentfromthatbecauseitdoesnotuse.
Eachcubitisjustlike a bit, butthedifferenceisit's possiblefor a cubittobenotjustoneorthere, butit's alsopossibleforittobeoneansweratthesametimeonthat's achievedbymakinguseofthepropertiesofquantummechanicson.
Thereasonwhyit's possiblefor a Q B two B oneandthereatthesametimeisbecauseonanextremelytinyscaleorinthequantumrealm, it's possibleforparticletohavetwodifferentstatesatthesametime.
Soit's possible, forexample, for a partygotopointupanddownatthesametime.
It's a reallystrangeconcept, butonceyouacceptthat, youbeabletoassignoneofthosestates, let's sayuptomeoneandthentheotherstates.
Nowlet's sitdowntomeansthere.
Onceyoudothat, ifthatparticularparticlehappenstobepointingupanddownatthesametime, thenthatwouldmeanthatthecubitthatit's supposedtorepresentisoneandzeroatthesametimeon, bytheway, intheory, youcoulduse a numberofdifferenttypesofparticlestorepresent a cubit, whetherit's a footonanotherstrongonironorregularAdam.
On I finditprettystrangeto, youknow, somepeopletrytoexplainitwithsomekindofanologyfromtheclassicalworld, whichwereusedto, butthere's actuallynogoodanalogyforitbecausethisphenomenonof a particlehavingtwostatesatthesametimeisreallyuniquetothequantumrealm.
Maybeallyouneedtoknowfornowforthisvideoisthatit's possiblefor a cubittobeoneandzeroatthesametime.
Okay, Andonceyouhave a bunchoftwobitslikethat, notjustonecubit, thenit's possibletoputthemtogethersothatthey'llinteractwitheachotherin a certainweight s O, forexample, youmightdesign a systemwithtwocubits.
Inorderforustohavethosetwoconditionsbetrueforthosetwocubitswillneedtofirstdesign a fiscalsystemwheretheequivalenttoconditionsaretrueforthetwoparticlesrepresentingthosetwocubitsononcewehave a wayofdoingthat, youknow, a wayoffhavingtwocubitsinteractwitheachotherinthewaythatwewantthemto.
Wecanexpandthesamethingto a numberofdifferentcubits, notjusttwo.
That's basicallywhat a quantumcomputerconsistsof s soinsummary, a quantumcomputerisessentially a groupofcubitsdesignedtointerruptmeeachotherin a certainwaythatwewantthemtosothatwecanperformsomecompetitiononthembecauseofthewaycubitswork, asopposedtohowregularbitswork, a quantumcomputercanbefasteratsolvingcertainkindsofproblemsthan a regularcomputercan.
Okay, now, togiveyou a betterideaabouthow a quantumcomputerworks, exactly, I'm gonnadiveintotherelativelysimpleexample I mentionedatthebeginningofthisvideo.
Nowthisparticularexamplemightnotbe a particularlyrealisticormaybepractical, but I thinkit's toogoodforunderstandinghowquantumcomputingworks.
Okay, soforthisexample, supposethatyou'rerunning a travelagencyofsomekindonthatyouneedtomove a groupofpeoplefromonelocationtoanotherontokeepthissimple.
Let's saythatfornowyouonlyneedtomove a groupofthreepeoplefornow, Ali's VickyandChrisonforthispurpose.
Nowusing a classicalcomputer, howcanwedeterminewhichoftheseconfigurationsisthebestsolution.
Well, youknowtheforcetodothat, I willfirstneed a concretewayoffmeasuringhowwelleachoftheseconfigurationsachievesthetwofollowingobjectivesthatwesawearlier.
Onewayofdoingthisisbydefining a singlescorethatwecancomputeforeachoftheseconfigurationsonthescoreshouldbemadesothatthebettereachoftheseconfigurationsachievesthetwoobjectives, thehigherthescorebecomes.
Nowthere's a numberofdifferentwaysofdefiningsuch a score.
Buthereisonesimplewayofdoingit.
Thescoreof a givenconfigurationisdefinedasthenumberoffriendParissharingthesamecoreinthatconfigurationminusthenumberofenemypairssharingthesamecar.
Sothiswaywe'rebasicallyincorporatingbothofthesetwoobjectivesinto a singlescore.
Soifwehave a lotoffriendpairssharingthesamecarinthatparticularconfiguration, we'redoingwellonthefirstobjective, sothescorewillbehigher.
Butifwehave a lotofenemyParissharingthesamecaratthesametime, we'd bedoingpoorlyonthesecondobjective, sothescorewillbelower.
Butjusttokeepthiswholeargument a simpleaspossible, we'regonnacontinueourdiscussionwiththisbruteforcesolutionofflookingatallthepossibleconfigurationsfornowandmayevenwithouttheoptimizationstep.
Again, I thinkit's kindofstrangethatit's possibleforustoevenhavesomethinglikethat, butitispossible.
Andthat's how a realcontentcomputerworks, too.
Now, whenheappliessomesortofcompetitiononthesethreecubitsand a quantumcomputer, theresultsfromalloftheseAIDSpossibleconfigurationsarecomputedallatthesametime.
Sowith a cornercomputer, youdon't needthiocomputethescoreforeachofthesestates, onebyonesequentially, youcanjustapplythefunctionthatturnseachofthesestatesinto a singlescorethatwedefineearlieronthesethreecubits.
AndthentheColonelcomputerwillbeabletofindoneofthebestsolutionsin a matteroffmilliseconds.
Now, ifyouactuallywantedtosolvethisproblemusing a quantumcomputer, youwillneedtwothings.
Now.
The 1st 1 isofcourse, youneed a cornercomputerwithatleastthreecubits, sothatyou'llbeabletorepresentthesethreevalues a BNCondhe, thentheotherthingyouneedisthefunction, theturns, eachofthesepotentialconfigurationsinto a singlescoreon.
Inourparticularcase, wehadthisequationthatwesawearlieronthisequationwasdefinedwiththerelationshipsthatweweregivenearlieraswellontosolvethisproblem, youwillneedtoconvertthisfunctionwiththedatathat's associatedwithitinto a formatyourcornercomputerwillbeabletounderstand.
Andifyouwantedtosolve a differentproblem, allyouneedtodoisyouneedtochangethisfunctiontofitthatparticularproblemonthedatathat's associatedwithitandconvertthatnewsetofinformationinto a formatyourcornercomputerwillbeabletounderstand.
So, forexample, ifthisproblemwas a muchbiggerproblemwith a lotmorepeoplethatsay 100 people, theneverytimeyourunthesameoperationonyourcornercomputer, it's possiblethatyou'llfindthebestsolution, whichmightbe, forexample, righthere.
Soinpractice, ifyou'retryingtosolve a complexproblemlikethisonewith a quantumcomputer, it's probablybesttorunthesameoperationdozensoftimes, ormaybeevenhundredsoftimesonpickthebestresultoutofthemanyresultsthatyougetnow, Evenwiththiserror, thequantumcomputerdoesnotsufferfromthesamescalingissueas a classicalcomputersuffersfrom.
So, forexample, ifyouwantedThiosolvethisparticularproblemwith 100 peoplewith a cornercomputer, thenwhatyouwouldneedtodoissue.
Weneedtojustsit 100 cubitsintobothoneandSarah, andtheyapplythefunctionthatturnseachofthesepotentialsolutionsinto a singlescoreonthose 100 cubits.
But I thinkit's possiblethatyouwouldchangesometimesoonbecausewe'rejuststartingtosee a verysmallsubsetofproblemswhereCornelcomputersactually, uh, performclassicalcomputers, forexample, accordingtooneexpert I spoketo, therearesomepromisingresultsinwhat's calledquantumsimulationontherearesomeeffortstousecornercomputersinotherproblemareasto, forexample, circuitfordiagnosisoncertaintypesofchemicalanalysis.