what are practices? Practices are the skills and the knowledge required to do work. And

so it all begins with asking questions and defining problems. In fact these are the first

steps in science and engineering. And before we talk about asking questions, we should

really define what science is. Science is the study of the universe. It's the study

of everything. It's the study of phenomena. At the level of the universe, but also at

the level of the planet or the ecosystems or the humans or the DNA or the atoms that

make up that DNA. Or even the particles that make up the atoms that make up everything.

And so basically it's the study of the phenomena. It's the study of how things work. And we

try to explain everything in science. Everything scientific. What's engineering then? Engineering

is going to be solving human needs. Or fulfilling human needs. Solving problems. And so an engineer

is going to solve the problem of how I get in Montana at point A to point B in New York

City. And there are a number of different ways that could solve that problem. They could

put me on a jet. They could put me on a train or in a car or on a motorcycle. Or they could

even design a nice pair of shoes so I can walk my way across the country. And so they're

really solving problems in engineering. And so they're very similar but they're somewhat

different in that in science we're studying phenomena. And let's talk about a famous scientist.

This is Albert Einstein. And so what he was trying to allow us to do was to understand

the way the universe works. And the first step when you're trying to do that is to ask

good questions. Those questions eventually lead to inquiry, where the questions are tested

and they develop other questions or other theories based on top of that. But the whole

goal again is pointing back to explaining how phenomena work. Well this here is Thomas

Edison. And he was somewhat scientific but he was more of an inventor. We was more of

an engineer. And that's because he was fulfilling human needs. He started by defining problems

that we have. What was a simple problem, well if it was dark out you couldn't do work inside.

And he invented the light bulb. And so the first step in engineering is defining the

problem and then you have the process of design. Unlike inquiry, design is there to give us

something, to build something, or to fulfill some kind of a human need. And so there's

a lot of similarity between science and engineering, but the major difference is going to be that

engineering we're making something that we actually need. In science we're trying to

explain everything and we don't always have a direct outcome from that. However science

lots of times will lead to design. And so it all begins with good questions. And so

let's start by talking about science. Where do these questions come from? Well in science

a lot of them come from just curiosity. We want to understand the way the world works.

And so if you were to ask this question, why is the sky blue? Or why does the wind blow?

Those are great questions and they can lead to amazing science. But some science questions

will actually come from models and theories that we already have. So once we understood

plate tectonics, we could apply that to seafloor spreading. So how does the theory of plate

tectonics explain seafloor spreading? So theories create questions which create theories which

create more questions. And sometimes questions just come from the search for better solutions.

And so people in Italy were finding that it was impossible to syphon water above 32 feet.

And so Evangelista Torricelli, in Italy, took a look at this problem and eventually it led

to the creation of the first barometer and understanding how air pressure and atmospheres

work. And so again, questions can come everywhere. But they guide inquiry. Now one thing I really

want to make sure that I point out is that there are questions that we can answer in

science and questions that we can't or lay outside of science. And so if we were to look

at these hot air balloons, a good question might be, why does a hot air balloon float?

That's a scientific question. What's not a scientific question? Which hot air balloon

is prettiest? Now you might like the lady bug right here, but we can't really answer

that question. We can't quantify that answer. And so there's certain questions that lay

outside of science. Now let's go to engineering. And so engineering has questions in it is

as well, but those questions are designed to first of all define the problem. And so

here's a really good problem. This is the Mars Curiosity rover. It landed on Mars in

August and it's about the size of a car. And so the engineers at NASA had to come out with

a way to land this massive object on Mars without damaging it. And so they started by

asking a lot of questions. Now one thing that we should point out, and this is a difference

between engineering and science. In science we're looking for this core idea that explains

the way the world works. In engineering we're looking for a design that solves a problem.

And so in engineering there's not always one correct solution. There's going to be a number

of different solutions and we're going to have to weigh the trade offs to all of those

solutions. And we do that through questioning. And so maybe when you're trying to land a

rover on Mars you need to talk about what are the needs. What do we really need to create?

What are the criteria for success? In other words what does success look like? What are

the constraints? I mean on Mars one of the big constraints are going to be you're going

to have to go through an atmosphere. But that atmosphere is going to be really really thin.

And so that's going to slow you down but not slow you down very much. What technology do

we have today? What are we going to have to create as far as technology? What ideas should

we test? Could we combine ideas together? And so really the questioning in engineering

is really designed to define what that problem is or to get at that problem. This is how

they actually landed on Mars. They had a capsule that slowed their descent. They eventually

had a giant parachute that slowed it down. They eventually deployed a crane with rockets

that lowered the Mars observer down on to the surface. And so you can think of all the

different needs that they had to fulfill. All of the problems that they had to solve.

And it had to do this on its own. You couldn't guide it down. And so it's a pretty amazing

thing. And you could google, there's a wonderful video worth watching on that. And so again

the goal in this practice is to ask questions. But we're asking questions to explain phenomena

and then provide human needs or fulfill human needs. And so how do we do that? As teachers,

well we start by asking questions and then we use inquiry to explain those. And in engineering

we start by defining our problems and then we're using design to solve those problems.

And so there's a progression. In other words, as a teacher from elementary through high

school, we should be getting better and better and better at asking questions. But we should

begin by asking questions. And so when you're in elementary, this is an analogy that I think

works well, is that the idea that asking questions in science and engineering and technology

is very important and you want to do it right away. But as students get older and older

and older and older we want to refine those questions and get better and better questions.

And so basically you want to develop strategies in your classroom that can help students come

up with questions. Questions on their own. Because questions are going to build more

questions, which are going to build more questions. And so you want strategies to get your students

asking questions. But once you have a number of questions you want to teach them, refine

that. Which of these following questions are really good questions. Which are science questions?

Questions that we can actually answer through design or through science labs. You want to

eliminate science questions that aren't really questions at all. And you want to refine other

questions so you can make them better. Because the goal of science classrooms is to get students

asking good questions. Questions that we can then do research upon. Or questions that can

define problems and so we can come up with solutions for that. And I hope that was helpful.