I headed back to the corner

to head west en route to a braille training session.

It was the winter of 2009,

and I had been blind for about a year.

Things were going pretty well.

Safely reaching the other side,

I turned to the left,

pushed the auto-button for the audible pedestrian signal,

and waited my turn.

As it went off, I took off

and safely got to the other side.

Stepping onto the sidewalk,

I then heard the sound of a steel chair

slide across the concrete sidewalk in front of me.

I know there's a cafe on the corner,

and they have chairs out in front,

so I just adjusted to the left

to get closer to the street.

As I did, so slid the chair.

I just figured I'd made a mistake,

and went back to the right,

and so slid the chair in perfect synchronicity.

Now I was getting a little anxious.

I went back to the left,

and so slid the chair,

blocking my path of travel.

Now, I was officially freaking out.

So I yelled,

"Who the hell's out there? What's going on?"

Just then, over my shout,

I heard something else, a familiar rattle.

It sounded familiar,

and I quickly considered another possibility,

and I reached out with my left hand,

as my fingers brushed against something fuzzy,

and I came across an ear,

the ear of a dog, perhaps a golden retriever.

Its leash had been tied to the chair

as her master went in for coffee,

and she was just persistent in her efforts

to greet me, perhaps get a scratch behind the ear.

Who knows, maybe she was volunteering for service.

(Laughter)

But that little story is really about

the fears and misconceptions that come along

with the idea of moving through the city

without sight,

seemingly oblivious to the environment

and the people around you.

So let me step back and set the stage a little bit.

On St. Patrick's Day of 2008,

I reported to the hospital for surgery

to remove a brain tumor.

The surgery was successful.

Two days later, my sight started to fail.

On the third day, it was gone.

Immediately, I was struck by an incredible sense

of fear, of confusion, of vulnerability,

like anybody would.

But as I had time to stop and think,

I actually started to realize

I had a lot to be grateful for.

In particular, I thought about my dad,

who had passed away from complications

from brain surgery.

He was 36. I was seven at the time.

So although I had every reason

to be fearful of what was ahead,

and had no clue quite what was going to happen,

I was alive.

My son still had his dad.

And besides, it's not like I was the first person

ever to lose their sight.

I knew there had to be all sorts of systems

and techniques and training to have

to live a full and meaningful, active life

without sight.

So by the time I was discharged from the hospital

a few days later, I left with a mission,

a mission to get out and get the best training

as quickly as I could and get on to rebuilding my life.

Within six months, I had returned to work.

My training had started.

I even started riding a tandem bike

with my old cycling buddies,

and was commuting to work on my own,

walking through town and taking the bus.

It was a lot of hard work.

But what I didn't anticipate

through that rapid transition

was the incredible experience of the juxtaposition

of my sighted experience up against my unsighted experience

of the same places and the same people

within such a short period of time.

From that came a lot of insights,

or outsights, as I called them,

things that I learned since losing my sight.

These outsights ranged from the trivial

to the profound,

from the mundane to the humorous.

As an architect, that stark juxtaposition

of my sighted and unsighted experience

of the same places and the same cities

within such a short period of time

has given me all sorts of wonderful outsights

of the city itself.

Paramount amongst those

was the realization that, actually,

cities are fantastic places for the blind.

And then I was also surprised

by the city's propensity for kindness and care

as opposed to indifference or worse.

And then I started to realize that

it seemed like the blind seemed to have

a positive influence on the city itself.

That was a little curious to me.

Let me step back and take a look

at why the city is so good for the blind.

Inherent with the training for recovery from sight loss

is learning to rely on all your non-visual senses,

things that you would otherwise maybe ignore.

It's like a whole new world of sensory information

opens up to you.

I was really struck by the symphony

of subtle sounds all around me in the city

that you can hear and work with

to understand where you are,

how you need to move, and where you need to go.

Similarly, just through the grip of the cane,

you can feel contrasting textures in the floor below,

and over time you build a pattern of where you are

and where you're headed.

Similarly, just the sun warming one side of your face

or the wind at your neck

gives you clues about your alignment

and your progression through a block

and your movement through time and space.

But also, the sense of smell.

Some districts and cities have their own smell,

as do places and things around you,

and if you're lucky, you can even follow your nose

to that new bakery that you've been looking for.

All this really surprised me,

because I started to realize that

my unsighted experienced

was so far more multi-sensory

than my sighted experience ever was.

What struck me also was how much the city

was changing around me.

When you're sighted,

everybody kind of sticks to themselves,

you mind your own business.

Lose your sight, though,

and it's a whole other story.

And I don't know who's watching who,

but I have a suspicion that a lot of people are watching me.

And I'm not paranoid, but everywhere I go,

I'm getting all sorts of advice:

Go here, move there, watch out for this.

A lot of the information is good.

Some of it's helpful. A lot of it's kind of reversed.

You've got to figure out what they actually meant.

Some of it's kind of wrong and not helpful.

But it's all good in the grand scheme of things.

But one time I was in Oakland

walking along Broadway, and came to a corner.

I was waiting for an audible pedestrian signal,

and as it went off, I was just about to step out into the street,

when all of a sudden, my right hand

was just gripped by this guy,

and he yanked my arm and pulled me out into the crosswalk

and was dragging me out across the street,

speaking to me in Mandarin.

(Laughter)

It's like, there was no escape from this man's death grip,

but he got me safely there.

What could I do?

But believe me, there are more polite ways

to offer assistance.

We don't know you're there,

so it's kind of nice to say "Hello" first.

"Would you like some help?"

But while in Oakland, I've really been struck by

how much the city of Oakland changed

as I lost my sight.

I liked it sighted. It was fine.

It's a perfectly great city.

But once I lost my sight

and was walking along Broadway,

I was blessed every block of the way.

"Bless you, man."

"Go for it, brother."

"God bless you."

I didn't get that sighted.

(Laughter)

And even without sight, I don't get that in San Francisco.

And I know it bothers some of my blind friends,

it's not just me.

Often it's thought that

that's an emotion that comes up out of pity.

I tend to think that it comes out of our shared humanity,

out of our togetherness, and I think it's pretty cool.

In fact, if I'm feeling down,

I just go to Broadway in downtown Oakland,

I go for a walk, and I feel better like that,

in no time at all.

But also that it illustrates how

disability and blindness

sort of cuts across ethnic, social,

racial, economic lines.

Disability is an equal-opportunity provider.

Everybody's welcome.

In fact, I've heard it said in the disability community

that there are really only two types of people:

There are those with disabilities,

and there are those that haven't quite found theirs yet.

It's a different way of thinking about it,

but I think it's kind of beautiful,

because it is certainly far more inclusive

than the us-versus-them

or the abled-versus-the-disabled,

and it's a lot more honest and respectful

of the fragility of life.

So my final takeaway for you is

that not only is the city good for the blind,

but the city needs us.

And I'm so sure of that that

I want to propose to you today

that the blind be taken as the prototypical city dwellers

when imagining new and wonderful cities,

and not the people that are thought about

after the mold has already been cast.

It's too late then.

So if you design a city with the blind in mind,

you'll have a rich, walkable network of sidewalks

with a dense array of options and choices

all available at the street level.

If you design a city with the blind in mind,

sidewalks will be predictable and will be generous.

The space between buildings will be well-balanced

between people and cars.

In fact, cars, who needs them?

If you're blind, you don't drive. (Laughter)

They don't like it when you drive. (Laughter)

If you design a city with the blind in mind,

you design a city with a robust,

accessible, well-connected mass transit system

that connects all parts of the city

and the region all around.

If you design a city with the blind in mind,

there'll be jobs, lots of jobs.

Blind people want to work too.

They want to earn a living.

So, in designing a city for the blind,

I hope you start to realize

that it actually would be a more inclusive,

a more equitable, a more just city for all.

And based on my prior sighted experience,

it sounds like a pretty cool city,

whether you're blind, whether you have a disability,