what the connection between

a bottle of Tide detergent and sweat was,

you'd probably think that's the easiest question

that you're going to be asked in Edinburgh all week.

But if I was to say that they're both examples

of alternative or new forms of currency

in a hyperconnected, data-driven global economy,

you'd probably think I was a little bit bonkers.

But trust me, I work in advertising.

(Laughter)

And I am going to tell you the answer,

but obviously after this short break.

So a more challenging question is one

that I was asked, actually, by one of our writers

a couple of weeks ago, and I didn't know the answer:

What's the world's best performing currency?

It's actually Bitcoin.

Now, for those of you who may not be familiar,

Bitcoin is a crypto-currency, a virtual currency, synthetic currency.

It was founded in 2008 by this anonymous programmer

using a pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto.

No one knows who or what he is.

He's almost like the Banksy of the Internet.

And I'm probably not going to do it proper service here,

but my interpretation of how it works is that

Bitcoins are released through this process of mining.

So there's a network of computers that are challenged

to solve a very complex mathematical problem

and the person that manages to solve it first gets the Bitcoins.

And the Bitcoins are released,

they're put into a public ledger called the Blockchain,

and then they float, so they become a currency,

and completely decentralized, that's the sort of

scary thing about this, which is why it's so popular.

So it's not run by the authorities or the state.

It's actually managed by the network.

And the reason that it's proved very successful

is it's private, it's anonymous, it's fast, and it's cheap.

And you do get to the point where there's some wild fluctuations with Bitcoin.

So in one level it went from something like 13 dollars

to 266, literally in the space of four months,

and then crashed and lost half of its value in six hours.

And it's currently around that kind of

110 dollar mark in value.

But what it does show is that it's sort of gaining ground,

it's gaining respectability.

You get services, like Reddit and Wordpress

are actually accepting Bitcoin as a payment currency now.

And that's showing you that people

are actually placing trust in technology,

and it's started to trump and disrupt

and interrogate traditional institutions

and how we think about currencies and money.

And that's not surprising, if you think about

the basket case that is the E.U.

I think there was a Gallup survey out recently

that said something like, in America,

trust in banks is at an all-time low, it's something like 21 percent.

And you can see here some photographs from London

where Barclays sponsored the city bike scheme,

and some activists have done some nice piece

of guerrilla marketing here and doctored the slogans.

"Sub-prime pedaling." "Barclays takes you for a ride."

These are the more polite ones I could share with you today.

But you get the gist, so people have really started

to sort of lose faith in institutions.

There's a P.R. company called Edelman,

they do this very interesting survey every year

precisely around trust and what people are thinking.

And this is a global survey, so these numbers are global.

And what's interesting is that you can see that

hierarchy is having a bit of a wobble,

and it's all about heterarchical now,

so people trust people like themselves more

than they trust corporations and governments.

And if you look at these figures for the more developed markets

like U.K., Germany, and so on, they're actually much lower.

And I find that sort of scary.

People are actually trusting businesspeople

more than they're trusting governments and leaders.

So what's starting to happen, if you think about money,

if you sort of boil money down to an essence,

it is literally just an expression of value, an agreed value.

So what's happening now, in the digital age,

is that we can quantify value in lots of different ways

and do it more easily,

and sometimes the way that we quantify those values,

it makes it much easier

to create new forms and valid forms of currency.

In that context, you can see that networks like Bitcoin

suddenly start to make a bit more sense.

So if you think we're starting to question

and disrupt and interrogate what money means,

what our relationship with it is, what defines money,

then the ultimate extension of that is,

is there a reason for the government to be in charge

of money anymore?

So obviously I'm looking at this through a marketing prism,

so from a brand perspective,

brands literally stand or fall on their reputations.

And if you think about it, reputation has now become a currency.

You know, reputations are built on trust,

consistency, transparency.

So if you've actually decided that you trust a brand,

you want a relationship, you want to engage with the brand,

you're already kind of participating in lots of new forms

of currency.

So you think about loyalty.

Loyalty essentially is a micro-economy.

You think about rewards schemes, air miles.

The Economist said a few years ago that

there are actually more unredeemed air miles in the world

than there are dollar bills in circulation.

You know, when you are standing in line in Starbucks,

30 percent of transactions in Starbucks on any one day

are actually being made with Starbucks Star points.

So that's a sort of Starbucks currency

staying within its ecosystem.

And what I find interesting is that Amazon

has recently launched Amazon coins.

So admittedly it's a currency at the moment that's purely for the Kindle.

So you can buy apps and make purchases within those apps,

but you think about Amazon,

you look at the trust barometer that I showed you

where people are starting to trust businesses,

especially businesses that they believe in and trust

more than governments.

So suddenly, you start thinking,

well Amazon potentially could push this.

It could become a natural extension,

that as well as buying stuff --

take it out of the Kindle -- you could buy books, music,

real-life products, appliances and goods and so on.

And suddenly you're getting Amazon, as a brand,

is going head to head with the Federal Reserve

in terms of how you want to spend your money,

what money is, what constitutes money.

And I'll get you back to Tide, the detergent now,

as I promised.

This is a fantastic article I came across in New York Magazine,

where it was saying that drug users across America

are actually purchasing drugs

with bottles of Tide detergent.

So they're going into convenience stores,

stealing Tide,

and a $20 bottle of Tide

is equal to 10 dollars of crack cocaine or weed.

And what they're saying, so some criminologists

have looked at this and they're saying, well, okay,

Tide as a product sells at a premium.

It's 50 percent above the category average.

It's infused with a very complex cocktail of chemicals,

so it smells very luxurious and very distinctive,

and, being a Procter and Gamble brand,

it's been supported by a lot of mass media advertising.

So what they're saying is that drug users are consumers too,

so they have this in their neural pathways.

When they spot Tide, there's a shortcut.

They say, that is trust. I trust that. That's quality.

So it becomes this unit of currency,

which the New York Magazine described

as a very oddly loyal crime wave, brand-loyal crime wave,

and criminals are actually calling Tide "liquid gold."

Now, what I thought was funny was the reaction

from the P&G spokesperson.

They said, obviously tried to dissociate themselves from drugs,

but said, "It reminds me of one thing

and that's the value of the brand has stayed consistent." (Laughter)

Which backs up my point and shows he didn't even

break a sweat when he said that.

So that brings me back to the connection with sweat.

In Mexico, Nike has run a campaign recently

called, literally, Bid Your Sweat.

So you think about,

these Nike shoes have got sensors in them,

or you're using a Nike FuelBand

that basically tracks your movement, your energy,

your calorie consumption.

And what's happening here, this is where you've actually

elected to join that Nike community. You've bought into it.

They're not advertising loud messages at you,

and that's where advertising has started to shift now

is into things like services, tools and applications.

So Nike is literally acting as a well-being partner,

a health and fitness partner and service provider.

So what happens with this is they're saying, "Right,

you have a data dashboard. We know how far you've run,

how far you've moved, what your calorie intake, all that sort of stuff.

What you can do is, the more you run, the more points you get,

and we have an auction where you can buy Nike stuff

but only by proving that you've actually used the product to do stuff."

And you can't come into this. This is purely

for the community that are sweating

using Nike products. You can't buy stuff with pesos.

This is literally a closed environment, a closed auction space.

In Africa, you know, airtime has become

literally a currency in its own right.

People are used to, because mobile is king,

they're very, very used to transferring money,

making payments via mobile.

And one of my favorite examples from a brand perspective

going on is Vodafone, where, in Egypt,

lots of people make purchases in markets

and very small independent stores.

Loose change, small change is a real problem,

and what tends to happen is you buy a bunch of stuff,

you're due, say,

10 cents, 20 cents in change.

The shopkeepers tend to give you things like an onion

or an aspirin, or a piece of gum,

because they don't have small change.

So when Vodafone came in and saw this problem,

this consumer pain point, they created

some small change which they call Fakka,

which literally sits and is given

by the shopkeepers to people,

and it's credit that goes straight onto their mobile phone.

So this currency becomes credit, which again,

is really, really interesting.

And we did a survey that backs up the fact that,

you know, 45 percent of people

in this very crucial demographic in the U.S.

were saying that they're comfortable using

an independent or branded currency.

So that's getting really interesting here,

a really interesting dynamic going on.

And you think, corporations

should start taking their assets and thinking of them

in a different way and trading them.

And you think, is it much of a leap?

It seems farfetched, but when you think about it,

in America in 1860,

there were 1,600 corporations issuing banknotes.

There were 8,000 kinds of notes in America.

And the only thing that stopped that,

the government controlled four percent of the supply,

and the only thing that stopped it

was the Civil War breaking out,

and the government suddenly wanted to take control of the money.

So government, money, war, nothing changes there, then.

So what I'm going to ask is, basically,

is history repeating itself?

Is technology making paper money feel outmoded?

Are we decoupling money from the government?

You know, you think about, brands are starting to fill the gaps.

Corporations are filling gaps that governments can't afford to fill.

So I think, you know, will we be standing on stage

buying a coffee -- organic, fair trade coffee -- next year

using TED florins or TED shillings?

Thank you very much.

(Applause)

Thank you. (Applause)