I have a friend in Portugal

whose grandfather built a vehicle out of a bicycle

and a washing machine so he could transport his family.

He did it because he couldn't afford a car,

but also because he knew how to build one.

There was a time when we understood how things worked

and how they were made, so we could build and repair them,

or at the very least

make informed decisions about what to buy.

Many of these do-it-yourself practices

were lost in the second half of the 20th century.

But now, the maker community and the open-source model

are bringing this kind of knowledge about how things work

and what they're made of back into our lives,

and I believe we need to take them to the next level,

to the components things are made of.

For the most part, we still know

what traditional materials like paper and textiles are made of

and how they are produced.

But now we have these amazing, futuristic composites --

plastics that change shape,

paints that conduct electricity,

pigments that change color, fabrics that light up.

Let me show you some examples.

So conductive ink allows us to paint circuits

instead of using the traditional

printed circuit boards or wires.

In the case of this little example I'm holding,

we used it to create a touch sensor that reacts to my skin

by turning on this little light.

Conductive ink has been used by artists,

but recent developments indicate that we will soon be able

to use it in laser printers and pens.

And this is a sheet of acrylic infused

with colorless light-diffusing particles.

What this means is that, while regular acrylic

only diffuses light around the edges,

this one illuminates across the entire surface

when I turn on the lights around it.

Two of the known applications for this material

include interior design and multi-touch systems.

And thermochromic pigments

change color at a given temperature.

So I'm going to place this on a hot plate

that is set to a temperature only slightly higher than ambient

and you can see what happens.

So one of the principle applications for this material

is, amongst other things, in baby bottles,

so it indicates when the contents are cool enough to drink.

So these are just a few of what are commonly known

as smart materials.

In a few years, they will be in many of the objects

and technologies we use on a daily basis.

We may not yet have the flying cars science fiction promised us,

but we can have walls that change color

depending on temperature,

keyboards that roll up,

and windows that become opaque at the flick of a switch.

So I'm a social scientist by training,

so why am I here today talking about smart materials?

Well first of all, because I am a maker.

I'm curious about how things work

and how they are made,

but also because I believe we should have a deeper understanding

of the components that make up our world,

and right now, we don't know enough about

these high-tech composites our future will be made of.

Smart materials are hard to obtain in small quantities.

There's barely any information available on how to use them,

and very little is said about how they are produced.

So for now, they exist mostly in this realm

of trade secrets and patents

only universities and corporations have access to.

So a little over three years ago, Kirsty Boyle and I

started a project we called Open Materials.

It's a website where we,

and anyone else who wants to join us,

share experiments, publish information,

encourage others to contribute whenever they can,

and aggregate resources such as research papers

and tutorials by other makers like ourselves.

We would like it to become a large,

collectively generated database

of do-it-yourself information on smart materials.

But why should we care

how smart materials work and what they are made of?

First of all, because we can't shape what we don't understand,

and what we don't understand and use

ends up shaping us.

The objects we use, the clothes we wear,

the houses we live in, all have a profound impact

on our behavior, health and quality of life.

So if we are to live in a world made of smart materials,

we should know and understand them.

Secondly, and just as important,

innovation has always been fueled by tinkerers.

So many times, amateurs, not experts,

have been the inventors and improvers

of things ranging from mountain bikes

to semiconductors, personal computers,

airplanes.

The biggest challenge is that material science is complex

and requires expensive equipment.

But that's not always the case.

Two scientists at University of Illinois understood this

when they published a paper on a simpler method

for making conductive ink.

Jordan Bunker, who had had

no experience with chemistry until then,

read this paper and reproduced the experiment

at his maker space using only off-the-shelf substances

and tools.

He used a toaster oven,

and he even made his own vortex mixer,

based on a tutorial by another scientist/maker.

Jordan then published his results online,

including all the things he had tried and didn't work,

so others could study and reproduce it.

So Jordan's main form of innovation

was to take an experiment created in a well-equipped lab

at the university

and recreate it in a garage in Chicago

using only cheap materials and tools he made himself.

And now that he published this work,

others can pick up where he left

and devise even simpler processes and improvements.

Another example I'd like to mention

is Hannah Perner-Wilson's Kit-of-No-Parts.

Her project's goal is to highlight

the expressive qualities of materials

while focusing on the creativity and skills of the builder.

Electronics kits are very powerful

in that they teach us how things work,

but the constraints inherent in their design

influence the way we learn.

So Hannah's approach, on the other hand,

is to formulate a series of techniques

for creating unusual objects

that free us from pre-designed constraints

by teaching us about the materials themselves.

So amongst Hannah's many impressive experiments,

this is one of my favorites.

["Paper speakers"]

What we're seeing here is just a piece of paper

with some copper tape on it connected to an mp3 player

and a magnet.

(Music: "Happy Together")

So based on the research by Marcelo Coelho from MIT,

Hannah created a series of paper speakers

out of a wide range of materials

from simple copper tape to conductive fabric and ink.

Just like Jordan and so many other makers,

Hannah published her recipes

and allows anyone to copy and reproduce them.

But paper electronics is one of the most promising branches

of material science

in that it allows us to create cheaper and flexible electronics.

So Hannah's artisanal work,

and the fact that she shared her findings,

opens the doors to a series of new possibilities

that are both aesthetically appealing and innovative.

So the interesting thing about makers

is that we create out of passion and curiosity,

and we are not afraid to fail.

We often tackle problems from unconventional angles,

and, in the process, end up discovering alternatives

or even better ways to do things.

So the more people experiment with materials,

the more researchers are willing to share their research,

and manufacturers their knowledge,

the better chances we have to create technologies

that truly serve us all.

So I feel a bit as Ted Nelson must have

when, in the early 1970s, he wrote,

"You must understand computers now."

Back then, computers were these large mainframes

only scientists cared about,

and no one dreamed of even having one at home.

So it's a little strange that I'm standing here and saying,

"You must understand smart materials now."

Just keep in mind that acquiring preemptive knowledge

about emerging technologies

is the best way to ensure that we have a say

in the making of our future.

Thank you.

(Applause)