we invest in survivors.

And in ways both big and small,

the narrative of the victim

shapes the way we see women.

You can't count what you don't see.

And we don't invest in what's invisible to us.

But this is the face

of resilience.

Six years ago,

I started writing about women entrepreneurs

during and after conflict.

I set out to write a compelling economic story,

one that had great characters, that no one else was telling,

and one that I thought mattered.

And that turned out to be women.

I had left ABC news and a career I loved at the age of 30

for business school,

a path I knew almost nothing about.

None of the women I had grown up with in Maryland

had graduated from college,

let alone considered business school.

But they had hustled to feed their kids

and pay their rent.

And I saw from a young age

that having a decent job and earning a good living

made the biggest difference

for families who were struggling.

So if you're going to talk about jobs,

then you have to talk about entrepreneurs.

And if you're talking about entrepreneurs

in conflict and post-conflict settings,

then you must talk about women,

because they are the population you have left.

Rwanda in the immediate aftermath of the genocide

was 77 percent female.

I want to introduce you

to some of those entrepreneurs I've met

and share with you some of what they've taught me over the years.

I went to Afghanistan in 2005

to work on a Financial Times piece,

and there I met Kamila,

a young women who told me she had just turned down

a job with the international community

that would have paid her nearly $2,000 a month --

an astronomical sum in that context.

And she had turned it down, she said,

because she was going to start her next business,

an entrepreneurship consultancy

that would teach business skills

to men and women all around Afghanistan.

Business, she said,

was critical to her country's future.

Because long after this round of internationals left,

business would help keep her country

peaceful and secure.

And she said business was even more important for women

because earning an income earned respect

and money was power for women.

So I was amazed.

I mean here was a girl who had never lived in peace time

who somehow had come to sound like a candidate from "The Apprentice."

(Laughter)

So I asked her, "How in the world do you know this much about business?

Why are you so passionate?"

She said, "Oh Gayle, this is actually my third business.

My first business was a dressmaking business

I started under the Taliban.

And that was actually an excellent business,

because we provided jobs for women all around our neighborhood.

And that's really how I became an entrepreneur."

Think about this:

Here were girls who braved danger

to become breadwinners

during years in which they couldn't even be on their streets.

And at a time of economic collapse

when people sold baby dolls and shoe laces

and windows and doors

just to survive,

these girls made the difference

between survival and starvation

for so many.

I couldn't leave the story, and I couldn't leave the topic either,

because everywhere I went I met more of these women

who no one seemed to know about,

or even wish to.

I went on to Bosnia,

and early on in my interviews I met with an IMF official

who said, "You know, Gayle,

I don't think we actually have women in business in Bosnia,

but there is a lady selling cheese nearby

on the side of the road.

So maybe you could interview her."

So I went out reporting

and within a day I met Narcisa Kavazovic

who at that point was opening a new factory

on the war's former front lines in Sarajevo.

She had started her business

squatting in an abandoned garage,

sewing sheets and pillow cases

she would take to markets all around the city

so that she could support

the 12 or 13 family members

who were counting on her for survival.

By the time we met, she had 20 employees,

most of them women,

who were sending their boys and their girls to school.

And she was just the start.

I met women running essential oils businesses,

wineries

and even the country's largest advertising agency.

So these stories together

became the Herald Tribune business cover.

And when this story posted,

I ran to my computer to send it to the IMF official.

And I said, "Just in case you're looking for entrepreneurs

to feature at your next investment conference,

here are a couple of women."

(Applause)

But think about this.

The IMF official is hardly the only person

to automatically file women under micro.

The biases, whether intentional or otherwise,

are pervasive,

and so are the misleading mental images.

If you see the word "microfinance,"

what comes to mind?

Most people say women.

And if you see the word "entrepreneur,"

most people think men.

Why is that?

Because we aim low and we think small

when it comes to women.

Microfinance is an incredibly powerful tool

that leads to self-sufficiency and self-respect,

but we must move beyond micro-hopes

and micro-ambitions for women,

because they have so much greater hopes for themselves.

They want to move from micro to medium and beyond.

And in many places,

they're there.

In the U.S., women-owned businesses

will create five and a half million new jobs by 2018.

In South Korea and Indonesia,

women own nearly half a million firms.

China, women run 20 percent

of all small businesses.

And in the developing world overall,

That figure is 40 to 50 percent.

Nearly everywhere I go,

I meet incredibly interesting entrepreneurs

who are seeking access to finance, access to markets

and established business networks.

They are often ignored

because they're harder to help.

It is much riskier to give a 50,000 dollar loan

than it is to give a 500 dollar loan.

And as the World Bank recently noted,

women are stuck in a productivity trap.

Those in small businesses

can't get the capital they need to expand

and those in microbusiness

can't grow out of them.

Recently I was at the State Department in Washington

and I met an incredibly passionate entrepreneur from Ghana.

She sells chocolates.

And she had come to Washington,

not seeking a handout and not seeking a microloan.

She had come seeking serious investment dollars

so that she could build the factory

and buy the equipment she needs

to export her chocolates

to Africa, Europe, the Middle East

and far beyond --

capital that would help her to employ

more than the 20 people

that she already has working for her,

and capital that would fuel her own country's

economic climb.

The great news is

we already know what works.

Theory and empirical evidence

Have already taught us.

We don't need to invent solutions because we have them --

cash flow loans

based in income rather than assets,

loans that use secure contracts rather than collateral,

because women often don't own land.

And Kiva.org, the microlender,

is actually now experimenting with crowdsourcing

small and medium sized loans.

And that's just to start.

Recently it has become very much in fashion

to call women "the emerging market of the emerging market."

I think that is terrific.

You know why?

Because -- and I say this as somebody who worked in finance --

500 billion dollars at least

has gone into the emerging markets in the past decade.

Because investors saw the potential for return

at a time of slowing economic growth,

and so they created financial products

and financial innovation

tailored to the emerging markets.

How wonderful would it be

if we were prepared to replace all of our lofty words

with our wallets

and invest 500 billion dollars

unleashing women's economic potential?

Just think of the benefits

when it comes to jobs, productivity,

employment, child nutrition,

maternal mortality, literacy

and much, much more.

Because, as the World Economic Forum noted,

smaller gender gaps are directly correlated

with increased economic competitiveness.

And not one country in all the world

has eliminated its economic participation gap --

not one.

So the great news

is this is an incredible opportunity.

We have so much room to grow.

So you see,

this is not about doing good,

this is about global growth

and global employment.

It is about how we invest

and it's about how we see women.

And women can no longer be

both half the population

and a special interest group.

(Applause)

Oftentimes I get into very interesting discussions with reporters

who say to me, "Gayle, these are great stories,

but you're really writing about the exceptions."

Now that makes me pause for just a couple reasons.

First of all, for exceptions,

there are a lot of them

and they're important.

Secondly, when we talk about men who are succeeding,

we rightly consider them

icons or pioneers or innovators

to be emulated.

And when we talk about women,

they are either exceptions to be dismissed

or aberrations to be ignored.

And finally,

there is no society anywhere in all the world

that is not changed

except by its most exceptional.

So why wouldn't we celebrate and elevate

these change makers and job creators

rather than overlook them?

This topic of resilience is very personal to me

and in many ways has shaped my life.

My mom was a single mom

who worked at the phone company during the day

and sold Tupperware at night

so that I could have every opportunity possible.

We shopped double coupons

and layaway and consignment stores,

and when she got sick with stage four breast cancer

and could no longer work,