This is Alex, the best computer voice

I've been able to find,

which comes as standard equipment on every Macintosh.

For most of my life,

I never gave a second thought to my ability to speak.

It was like breathing.

In those days, I was living in a fool's paradise.

After surgeries for cancer

took away my ability to speak, eat or drink,

I was forced to enter this virtual world

in which a computer does some of my living for me.

For several days now,

we have enjoyed brilliant and articulate speakers here at TED.

I used to be able to talk like that.

Maybe I wasn't as smart,

but I was at least as talkative.

I want to devote my talk today

to the act of speaking itself,

and how the act of speaking or not speaking

is tied so indelibly to one's identity

as to force the birth of a new person

when it is taken away.

However, I've found that listening to a computer voice

for any great length of time

can be monotonous.

So I've decided to recruit some of my TED friends

to read my words aloud for me.

I will start with my wife, Chaz.

Chaz Ebert: It was Chaz who stood by my side

through three attempts to reconstruct my jaw

and restore my ability to speak.

Going into the first surgery

for a recurrence of salivary cancer

in 2006,

I expected to be out of the hospital

in time to return to my movie review show,

'Ebert and Roeper at the Movies.'

I had pre-taped enough shows

to get me through six weeks of surgery

and recuperation.

The doctors took a fibula bone from my leg

and some tissue from my shoulder

to fashion into a new jaw.

My tongue, larynx and vocal cords

were still healthy and unaffected.

(Laughter)

(Laughter)

CE: I was optimistic,

and all was right with the world.

The first surgery was a great success.

I saw myself in the mirror

and I looked pretty good.

Two weeks later, I was ready to return home.

I was using my iPod

to play the Leonard Cohen song

'I'm Your Man'

for my doctors and nurses.

Suddenly, I had an episode of catastrophic bleeding.

My carotid artery had ruptured.

Thank God I was still in my hospital room

and my doctors were right there.

Chaz told me

that if that song hadn't played for so long,

I might have already been in the car, on the way home,

and would have died right there and then.

So thank you, Leonard Cohen,

for saving my life.

(Applause)

There was a second surgery --

which held up for five or six days

and then it also fell apart.

And then a third attempt,

which also patched me back together pretty well,

until it failed.

A doctor from Brazil said

he had never seen anyone survive

a carotid artery rupture.

And before I left the hospital,

after a year of being hospitalized,

I had seven ruptures

of my carotid artery.

There was no particular day

when anyone told me

I would never speak again;

it just sort of became obvious.

Human speech

is an ingenious manipulation of our breath

within the sound chamber of our mouth

and respiratory system.

We need to be able to hold and manipulate that breath

in order to form sounds.

Therefore, the system

must be essentially airtight

in order to capture air.

Because I had lost my jaw,

I could no longer form a seal,

and therefore my tongue

and all of my other vocal equipment

was rendered powerless.

Dean Ornish: At first for a long time,

I wrote messages in notebooks.

Then I tried typing words on my laptop

and using its built in voice.

This was faster,

and nobody had to try to read my handwriting.

I tried out various computer voices that were available online,

and for several months I had a British accent,

which Chaz called Sir Lawrence."

(Laughter)

"It was the clearest I could find.

Then Apple released the Alex voice,

which was the best I'd heard.

It knew things like the difference

between an exclamation point and a question mark.

When it saw a period, it knew how to make a sentence

sound like it was ending instead of staying up in the air.

There are all sorts of html codes you can use

to control the timing and inflection of computer voices,

and I've experimented with them.

For me, they share a fundamental problem: they're too slow.

When I find myself in a conversational situation,

I need to type fast and to jump right in.

People don't have the time or the patience

to wait for me to fool around with the codes

for every word or phrase.

But what value do we place on the sound of our own voice?

How does that affect who you are as a person?

When people hear Alex speaking my words,

do they experience a disconnect?

Does that create a separation or a distance

from one person to the next?

How did I feel not being able to speak?

I felt, and I still feel,

a lot of distance from the human mainstream.

I've become uncomfortable when I'm separated from my laptop.

Even then, I'm aware that most people have little patience

for my speaking difficulties.

So Chaz suggested finding a company that could make a customized voice

using my TV show voice

from a period of 30 years.

At first I was against it.

I thought it would be creepy

to hear my own voice coming from a computer.

There was something comforting about a voice that was not my own.

But I decided then to just give it a try.

So we contacted a company in Scotland

that created personalized computer voices.

They'd never made one from previously-recorded materials.

All of their voices had been made by a speaker

recording original words in a control booth.

But they were willing to give it a try.

So I sent them many hours of recordings of my voice,

including several audio commentary tracks

that I'd made for movies on DVDs.

And it sounded like me, it really did.

There was a reason for that; it was me.

But it wasn't that simple.

The tapes from my TV show weren't very useful

because there were too many other kinds of audio involved --

movie soundtracks, for example, or Gene Siskel arguing with me --

(Laughter)

and my words often had a particular emphasis

that didn't fit into a sentence well enough.

I'll let you hear a sample of that voice.

These are a few of the comments I recorded for use

when Chaz and I appeared on the Oprah Winfrey program.

And here's the voice we call Roger Jr.

or Roger 2.0.

Roger 2.0: Oprah, I can't tell you how great it is

to be back on your show.

We have been talking for a long time,

and now here we are again.

This is the first version of my computer voice.

It still needs improvement,

but at least it sounds like me

and not like HAL 9000.

When I heard it the first time,

it sent chills down my spine.

When I type anything,

this voice will speak whatever I type.

When I read something, it will read in my voice.

I have typed these words in advance,

as I didn't think it would be thrilling

to sit here watching me typing.

The voice was created by a company in Scotland

named CereProc.

It makes me feel good

that many of the words you are hearing were first spoken

while I was commenting on "Casablanca"

and "Citizen Kane."

This is the first voice they've created for an individual.

There are several very good voices available for computers,

but they all sound like somebody else,

while this voice sounds like me.

I plan to use it on television, radio

and the Internet.

People who need a voice should know

that most computers already come with built-in speaking systems.

Many blind people use them

to read pages on the Web to themselves.

But I've got to say, in first grade,

they said I talked too much,

and now I still can.

(Laughter)

Roger Ebert: As you can hear, it sounds like me,

but the words jump up and down.

The flow isn't natural.

The good people in Scotland are still improving my voice,

and I'm optimistic about it.

But so far, the Apple Alex voice

is the best one I've heard.

I wrote a blog about it

and actually got a comment from the actor who played Alex.

He said he recorded many long hours in various intonations

to be used in the voice.

A very large sample is needed.

John Hunter: All my life I was a motormouth.

Now I have spoken my last words,

and I don't even remember for sure

what they were.

I feel like the hero of that Harlan Ellison story

titled "I Have No Mouth and I Must Scream."

On Wednesday, David Christian explained to us

what a tiny instant the human race represents

in the time-span of the universe.

For almost all of its millions and billions of years,

there was no life on Earth at all.

For almost all the years of life on Earth,

there was no intelligent life.

Only after we learned to pass knowledge

from one generation to the next,

did civilization become possible.

In cosmological terms,

that was about 10 minutes ago.

Finally came mankind's most advanced and mysterious tool,

the computer.

That has mostly happened in my lifetime.

Some of the famous early computers

were being built in my hometown of Urbana,

the birthplace of HAL 9000.

When I heard the amazing talk

by Salman Khan on Wednesday,

about the Khan Academy website

that teaches hundreds of subjects to students all over the world,

I had a flashback.

It was about 1960.

As a local newspaper reporter still in high school,

I was sent over to the computer lab of the University of Illinois

to interview the creators

of something called PLATO.

The initials stood for Programmed Logic

for Automated Teaching Operations.

This was a computer-assisted instruction system,

which in those days ran on a computer named ILLIAC.

The programmers said it could assist students in their learning.

I doubt, on that day 50 years ago,

they even dreamed of what Salman Khan has accomplished.

But that's not the point.

The point is PLATO was only 50 years ago,

an instant in time.