Probably none. I think we're all Darwinians.

And yet many Darwinians are anxious, a little uneasy --

would like to see some limits on just how far the Darwinism goes.

It's all right.

You know spiderwebs? Sure, they are products of evolution.

The World Wide Web? Not so sure.

Beaver dams, yes. Hoover Dam, no.

What do they think it is that prevents the products of human ingenuity

from being themselves, fruits of the tree of life,

and hence, in some sense, obeying evolutionary rules?

And yet people are interestingly resistant

to the idea of applying evolutionary thinking to thinking -- to our thinking.

And so I'm going to talk a little bit about that,

keeping in mind that we have a lot on the program here.

So you're out in the woods, or you're out in the pasture,

and you see this ant crawling up this blade of grass.

It climbs up to the top, and it falls,

and it climbs, and it falls, and it climbs --

trying to stay at the very top of the blade of grass.

What is this ant doing? What is this in aid of?

What goals is this ant trying to achieve by climbing this blade of grass?

What's in it for the ant?

And the answer is: nothing. There's nothing in it for the ant.

Well then, why is it doing this?

Is it just a fluke?

Yeah, it's just a fluke. It's a lancet fluke.

It's a little brain worm.

It's a parasitic brain worm that has to get into the stomach of a sheep or a cow

in order to continue its life cycle.

Salmon swim upstream to get to their spawning grounds,

and lancet flukes commandeer a passing ant,

crawl into its brain, and drive it up a blade of grass like an all-terrain vehicle.

So there's nothing in it for the ant.

The ant's brain has been hijacked by a parasite that infects the brain,

inducing suicidal behavior.

Pretty scary.

Well, does anything like that happen with human beings?

This is all on behalf of a cause other than one's own genetic fitness, of course.

Well, it may already have occurred to you

that Islam means "surrender," or "submission of self-interest to the will of Allah."

Well, it's ideas -- not worms -- that hijack our brains.

Now, am I saying that a sizable minority of the world's population

has had their brain hijacked by parasitic ideas?

No, it's worse than that.

Most people have.

(Laughter)

There are a lot of ideas to die for.

Freedom, if you're from New Hampshire.

(Laughter)

Justice. Truth. Communism.

Many people have laid down their lives for communism,

and many have laid down their lives for capitalism.

And many for Catholicism. And many for Islam.

These are just a few of the ideas that are to die for.

They're infectious.

Yesterday, Amory Lovins spoke about "infectious repititis."

It was a term of abuse, in effect.

This is unthinking engineering.

Well, most of the cultural spread that goes on

is not brilliant, new, out-of-the-box thinking.

It's "infectious repetitis,"

and we might as well try to have a theory of what's going on when that happens

so that we can understand the conditions of infection.

Hosts work hard to spread these ideas to others.

I myself am a philosopher, and one of our occupational hazards

is that people ask us what the meaning of life is.

And you have to have a bumper sticker,

you know. You have to have a statement.

So, this is mine.

The secret of happiness is: Find something more important than you are

and dedicate your life to it.

Most of us -- now that the "Me Decade" is well in the past --

now we actually do this.

One set of ideas or another

have simply replaced our biological imperatives in our own lives.

This is what our summum bonum is.

It's not maximizing the number of grandchildren we have.

Now, this is a profound biological effect.

It's the subordination of genetic interest to other interests.

And no other species does anything at all like it.

Well, how are we going to think about this?

It is, on the one hand, a biological effect, and a very large one.

Unmistakable.

Now, what theories do we want to use to look at this?

Well, many theories. But how could something tie them together?

The idea of replicating ideas;

ideas that replicate by passing from brain to brain.

Richard Dawkins, whom you'll be hearing later in the day, invented the term "memes,"

and put forward the first really clear and vivid version of this idea

in his book "The Selfish Gene."

Now here am I talking about his idea.

Well, you see, it's not his. Yes -- he started it.

But it's everybody's idea now.

And he's not responsible for what I say about memes.

I'm responsible for what I say about memes.

Actually, I think we're all responsible

for not just the intended effects of our ideas,

but for their likely misuses.

So it is important, I think, to Richard, and to me,

that these ideas not be abused and misused.

They're very easy to misuse. That's why they're dangerous.

And it's just about a full-time job

trying to prevent people who are scared of these ideas

from caricaturing them and then running off to one dire purpose or another.

So we have to keep plugging away,

trying to correct the misapprehensions

so that only the benign and useful variants of our ideas continue to spread.

But it is a problem.

We don't have much time, and I'm going to go over just a little bit of this and cut out,

because there's a lot of other things that are going to be said.

So let me just point out: memes are like viruses.

That's what Richard said, back in '93.

And you might think, "Well, how can that be?

I mean, a virus is -- you know, it's stuff! What's a meme made of?"

Yesterday, Negroponte was talking about viral telecommunications

but -- what's a virus?

A virus is a string of nucleic acid with attitude.

(Laughter)

That is, there is something about it

that tends to make it replicate better than the competition does.

And that's what a meme is. It's an information packet with attitude.

What's a meme made of? What are bits made of, Mom?

Not silicon.

They're made of information, and can be carried in any physical medium.

What's a word made of?

Sometimes when people say, "Do memes exist?"

I say, "Well, do words exist? Are they in your ontology?"

If they are, words are memes that can be pronounced.

Then there's all the other memes that can't be pronounced.

There are different species of memes.

Remember the Shakers? Gift to be simple?

Simple, beautiful furniture?

And, of course, they're basically extinct now.

And one of the reasons is that among the creed of Shaker-dom

is that one should be celibate.

Not just the priests. Everybody.

Well, it's not so surprising that they've gone extinct. (Laughter)

But in fact that's not why they went extinct.

They survived as long as they did

at a time when the social safety nets weren't there.

And there were lots of widows and orphans,

people like that, who needed a foster home.

And so they had a ready supply of converts.

And they could keep it going.

And, in principle, it could've gone on forever,

with perfect celibacy on the part of the hosts.

The idea being passed on through proselytizing,

instead of through the gene line.

So the ideas can live on in spite of the fact

that they're not being passed on genetically.

A meme can flourish in spite of having a negative impact on genetic fitness.

After all, the meme for Shaker-dom was essentially a sterilizing parasite.

There are other parasites that do this -- which render the host sterile.

It's part of their plan.

They don't have to have minds to have a plan.

I'm just going to draw your attention to just one

of the many implications of the memetic perspective, which I recommend.

I've not time to go into more of it.

In Jared Diamond's wonderful book, "Guns, Germs and Steel,"

he talks about how it was germs, more than guns and steel,

that conquered the new hemisphere -- the Western hemisphere --

that conquered the rest of the world.

When European explorers and travelers spread out,

they brought with them the germs

that they had become essentially immune to,

that they had learned how to tolerate over

hundreds and hundreds of years, thousands of years,

of living with domesticated animals who were the sources of those pathogens.

And they just wiped out -- these pathogens just wiped out the native people,

who had no immunity to them at all.

And we're doing it again.

We're doing it this time with toxic ideas.