I was a government major,

which means I had to write a lot of papers.

Now, when a normal student writes a paper,

they might spread the work out a little like this.

So, you know --

(Laughter)

you get started maybe a little slowly,

but you get enough done in the first week

that, with some heavier days later on,

everything gets done, things stay civil.

(Laughter)

And I would want to do that like that.

That would be the plan.

I would have it all ready to go,

but then, actually, the paper would come along,

and then I would kind of do this.

(Laughter)

And that would happen every single paper.

But then came my 90-page senior thesis,

a paper you're supposed to spend a year on.

And I knew for a paper like that, my normal work flow was not an option.

It was way too big a project.

So I planned things out,

and I decided I kind of had to go something like this.

This is how the year would go.

So I'd start off light,

and I'd bump it up in the middle months,

and then at the end, I would kick it up into high gear

just like a little staircase.

How hard could it be to walk up the stairs?

No big deal, right?

But then, the funniest thing happened.

Those first few months?

They came and went,

and I couldn't quite do stuff.

So we had an awesome new revised plan.

(Laughter)

And then --

(Laughter)

But then those middle months actually went by,

and I didn't really write words,

and so we were here.

And then two months turned into one month,

which turned into two weeks.

And one day I woke up

with three days until the deadline,

still not having written a word,

and so I did the only thing I could:

I wrote 90 pages over 72 hours,

pulling not one but two all-nighters --

humans are not supposed to pull two all-nighters --

sprinted across campus,

dove in slow motion,

and got it in just at the deadline.

I thought that was the end of everything.

But a week later I get a call,

and it's the school.

And they say, "Is this Tim Urban?"

And I say, "Yeah."

And they say, "We need to talk about your thesis."

And I say, "OK."

And they say,

"It's the best one we've ever seen."

(Laughter)

(Applause)

That did not happen.

(Laughter)

It was a very, very bad thesis.

(Laughter)

I just wanted to enjoy that one moment when all of you thought,

"This guy is amazing!"

(Laughter)

No, no, it was very, very bad.

Anyway, today I'm a writer-blogger guy.

I write the blog Wait But Why.

And a couple of years ago, I decided to write about procrastination.

My behavior has always perplexed the non-procrastinators around me,

and I wanted to explain to the non-procrastinators of the world

what goes on in the heads of procrastinators,

and why we are the way we are.

Now, I had a hypothesis

that the brains of procrastinators were actually different

than the brains of other people.

And to test this, I found an MRI lab

that actually let me scan both my brain

and the brain of a proven non-procrastinator,

so I could compare them.

I actually brought them here to show you today.

I want you to take a look carefully to see if you can notice a difference.

I know that if you're not a trained brain expert,

it's not that obvious, but just take a look, OK?

So here's the brain of a non-procrastinator.

(Laughter)

Now ...

here's my brain.

(Laughter)

There is a difference.

Both brains have a Rational Decision-Maker in them,

but the procrastinator's brain

also has an Instant Gratification Monkey.

Now, what does this mean for the procrastinator?

Well, it means everything's fine until this happens.

[This is a perfect time to get some work done.] [Nope!]

So the Rational Decision-Maker will make the rational decision

to do something productive,

but the Monkey doesn't like that plan,

so he actually takes the wheel,

and he says, "Actually, let's read the entire Wikipedia page

of the Nancy Kerrigan/ Tonya Harding scandal,

because I just remembered that that happened.

(Laughter)

Then --

(Laughter)

Then we're going to go over to the fridge,

to see if there's anything new in there since 10 minutes ago.

After that, we're going to go on a YouTube spiral

that starts with videos of Richard Feynman talking about magnets

and ends much, much later with us watching interviews

with Justin Bieber's mom.

(Laughter)

"All of that's going to take a while,

so we're not going to really have room on the schedule for any work today.

Sorry!"

(Sigh)

Now, what is going on here?

The Instant Gratification Monkey does not seem like a guy

you want behind the wheel.

He lives entirely in the present moment.

He has no memory of the past, no knowledge of the future,

and he only cares about two things:

easy and fun.

Now, in the animal world, that works fine.

If you're a dog

and you spend your whole life doing nothing other than easy and fun things,

you're a huge success!

(Laughter)

And to the Monkey,

humans are just another animal species.

You have to keep well-slept, well-fed and propagating into the next generation,

which in tribal times might have worked OK.

But, if you haven't noticed, now we're not in tribal times.

We're in an advanced civilization, and the Monkey does not know what that is.

Which is why we have another guy in our brain,

the Rational Decision-Maker,

who gives us the ability to do things no other animal can do.

We can visualize the future.

We can see the big picture.

We can make long-term plans.

And he wants to take all of that into account.

And he wants to just have us do

whatever makes sense to be doing right now.

Now, sometimes it makes sense

to be doing things that are easy and fun,

like when you're having dinner or going to bed

or enjoying well-earned leisure time.

That's why there's an overlap.

Sometimes they agree.

But other times, it makes much more sense

to be doing things that are harder and less pleasant,

for the sake of the big picture.

And that's when we have a conflict.

And for the procrastinator,

that conflict tends to end a certain way every time,

leaving him spending a lot of time in this orange zone,

an easy and fun place that's entirely out of the Makes Sense circle.

I call it the Dark Playground.

(Laughter)

Now, the Dark Playground is a place

that all of you procrastinators out there know very well.

It's where leisure activities happen

at times when leisure activities are not supposed to be happening.

The fun you have in the Dark Playground

isn't actually fun, because it's completely unearned,

and the air is filled with guilt, dread, anxiety, self-hatred --

all of those good procrastinator feelings.

And the question is, in this situation, with the Monkey behind the wheel,

how does the procrastinator ever get himself over here to this blue zone,

a less pleasant place, but where really important things happen?

Well, turns out the procrastinator has a guardian angel,

someone who's always looking down on him and watching over him

in his darkest moments --

someone called the Panic Monster.

(Laughter)

Now, the Panic Monster is dormant most of the time,

but he suddenly wakes up anytime a deadline gets too close

or there's danger of public embarrassment,

a career disaster or some other scary consequence.

And importantly, he's the only thing the Monkey is terrified of.

Now, he became very relevant in my life pretty recently,

because the people of TED reached out to me about six months ago

and invited me to do a TED Talk.

(Laughter)

Now, of course, I said yes.

It's always been a dream of mine to have done a TED Talk in the past.

(Laughter)

(Applause)

But in the middle of all this excitement,

the Rational Decision-Maker seemed to have something else on his mind.

He was saying, "Are we clear on what we just accepted?

Do we get what's going to be now happening one day in the future?

We need to sit down and work on this right now."

And the Monkey said, "Totally agree, but let's just open Google Earth

and zoom in to the bottom of India, like 200 feet above the ground,

and scroll up for two and a half hours til we get to the top of the country,

so we can get a better feel for India."

(Laughter)

So that's what we did that day.

(Laughter)

As six months turned into four and then two and then one,

the people of TED decided to release the speakers.

And I opened up the website, and there was my face

staring right back at me.

And guess who woke up?

(Laughter)

So the Panic Monster starts losing his mind,

and a few seconds later, the whole system's in mayhem.

(Laughter)

And the Monkey -- remember, he's terrified of the Panic Monster --

boom, he's up the tree!

And finally,

finally, the Rational Decision-Maker can take the wheel

and I can start working on the talk.

Now, the Panic Monster explains

all kinds of pretty insane procrastinator behavior,

like how someone like me could spend two weeks

unable to start the opening sentence of a paper,

and then miraculously find the unbelievable work ethic

to stay up all night and write eight pages.

And this entire situation, with the three characters --

this is the procrastinator's system.

It's not pretty, but in the end, it works.

This is what I decided to write about on the blog a couple of years ago.

When I did, I was amazed by the response.

Literally thousands of emails came in,

from all different kinds of people from all over the world,

doing all different kinds of things.

These are people who were nurses, bankers, painters, engineers

and lots and lots of PhD students.

(Laughter)

And they were all writing, saying the same thing:

"I have this problem too."

But what struck me was the contrast between the light tone of the post

and the heaviness of these emails.

These people were writing with intense frustration

about what procrastination had done to their lives,

about what this Monkey had done to them.

And I thought about this, and I said,

well, if the procrastinator's system works, then what's going on?

Why are all of these people in such a dark place?

Well, it turns out that there's two kinds of procrastination.

Everything I've talked about today, the examples I've given,

they all have deadlines.

And when there's deadlines,

the effects of procrastination are contained to the short term

because the Panic Monster gets involved.

But there's a second kind of procrastination

that happens in situations when there