accumulation
US /əˌkjumjəˈleʃən/
UK /əˌkju:mjə'leɪʃn/
- Uncountable Noun
- Act of becoming bigger or more over time
- A collection of things that have been gathered over time.
B1Moreallied
US /əˈlaɪd,ˈælˌaɪd/
UK /'ælaɪd/
- Adjective
- Related by a common purpose or characteristic
- Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
- To join a group to offer or receive support
B1Moreanswer to
US
UK
- Phrasal Verb
- To be responsible to someone and have to explain your actions to them.
- To correspond to or match a description or requirement.
A1Moreas long as
US /æz lɔŋ æz/
UK /æz lɔŋ æz/
- Conjunction
- For the period that; provided that.
- For the length of time that
- Preposition
- On the condition that; providing that.
- Having the same length as.
A1Moreat the same time
US
UK
- Phrase
- Simultaneously; at the identical moment.
- Nevertheless; however; used to introduce a contrasting or qualifying statement.
A1Morebacking
US /ˈbækɪŋ/
UK /ˈbækɪŋ/
- Transitive Verb
- To bet money on something
- To support and encourage someone or some cause
- Intransitive Verb
- To go backwards in a car
A2Morebanking
US /ˈbæŋkɪŋ/
UK /ˈbæŋkɪŋ/
- Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
- To put or keep your money in a bank
- To turn a plane when flying; (of a plane) to turn
- Uncountable Noun
- Act of keeping your money in a bank
A2Morebankruptcy
US /ˈbæŋkrʌptsi/
UK /ˈbæŋkrʌptsi/
- Uncountable Noun
- State of having no money and unable to pay debts
- The legal process by which a person or organization is declared unable to pay their debts.
B2TOEICMoreby extension
US /baɪ ɪkˈstɛnʃən/
UK /bai iksˈtenʃən/
- Phrase
- Using a word or phrase in a wider context than is usual, typically to include situations that are similar to the one that the word or phrase was originally used for.
A2Morecartel
US /kɑ:rˈtel/
UK /kɑ:ˈtel/
- Noun
- Groups united for a common (illegal) action
B2Morecatastrophic
US /ˌkætəˈstrɑfɪk/
UK /ˌkætə'strɒfɪk/
- Adjective
- Causing a lot of damage or suffering
B2Morechart
US /tʃɑ:rt/
UK /tʃɑ:t/
- Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
- Drawing showing information in a clear way
- Map of the sea or stars
- Transitive Verb
- To make a plan for future action
- To make a map of
B1Morecirculation
US /ˌsɚkjəˈleʃən/
UK /ˌsɜ:kjəˈleɪʃn/
- Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
- Movement of blood through the body
- Repeatedly passing items from one person to others
B1Morecolony
US /ˈkɑləni/
UK /'kɒlənɪ/
- Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
- Group (bees, etc.) that live in the same place
- Country/settlement controlled by another country
B2Moreconsequence
US /ˈkɑnsɪˌkwɛns,-kwəns/
UK /ˈkɔnsikwəns/
- Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
- Importance of a person or thing
- Outcome of an event; result
A2Morecorner
US /ˈkɔrnɚ/
UK /'kɔ:nə(r)/
- Transitive Verb
- To force into a position impossible to escape from
- Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
- Place where two lines, sides, corners etc. meet
- Edges of something, e.g. eyes, boxing ring
A2Morecurrency
US /ˈkɚrənsi, ˈkʌr-/
UK /'kʌrənsɪ/
- Uncountable Noun
- Widespread acceptance
- Money system that a country uses
B1Morecurrent
US /ˈkɚrənt, ˈkʌr-/
UK /'kʌrənt/
- Uncountable Noun
- Electricity flowing through wires
- Movement of water in a river, or air in the sky
- Adjective
- Happening or being in the present time
- In general use or accepted by most people.
A2Moredebt
US /dɛt/
UK /det/
- Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
- Sum of money owed to someone that is not yet paid
- A moral or social obligation.
A2TOEICMoredecide
US /dɪˈsaɪd/
UK /dɪ'saɪd/
- Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
- To make a choice or choose after thinking about it
- To make a legal judgment in court
A2TOEICMoredecline
US /dɪˈklaɪn/
UK /dɪ'klaɪn/
- Intransitive Verb
- To bend towards the ground
- To slope downward.
- Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
- To lessen in quality or value
A2TOEICMoredevalue
US /diˈvælju/
UK /ˌdi:'vælju:/
- Transitive Verb
- To reduce the value or worth of a currency, etc.
B2Moredrastic
US /ˈdræstɪk/
UK /ˈdræstɪk/
- Adjective
- Serious, severe or extreme
B2TOEICMoreemergency
US /ɪˈmɚdʒənsi/
UK /ɪ'mɜ:dʒənsɪ/
- Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
- Sudden event needing an immediate action
- A medical condition manifesting itself by acute symptoms of sufficient severity such that the absence of immediate medical attention could reasonably be expected to result in placing the patient's health in serious jeopardy.
- Adjective
- Used in an emergency; for use when something dangerous happens.
- Designed for use in an emergency.
A2TOEICMoreexchange
US /ɪksˈtʃendʒ/
UK /ɪksˈtʃeɪndʒ/
- Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
- Sharing/directing a look, etc. at someone else
- Short discussion or talk
- Transitive Verb
- To share (a look, a few words etc.)
- To sell one currency to get another
A2TOEICMoreexistence
US /ɪɡˈzɪstəns/
UK /ɪɡ'zɪstəns/
- Uncountable Noun
- State of being present, alive or real
- A way of living; the manner in which someone lives.
A2TOEICMoreexponential
US /ˌɛkspəˈnɛnʃəl/
UK /ˌekspəˈnenʃl/
- Adjective
- (Of an increase) at a faster and faster rate
C1Morefederal
US /ˈfɛdərəl, ˈfɛdrəl/
UK /'fedərəl/
- Adjective
- Consisting of several united states
- Relating to a system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and constituent political units.
- Proper Noun
- The central banking system of the United States.
B1Moreflaw in
US
UK
- Noun
- A defect or imperfection in something.
- A weakness or error in an argument or reasoning.
foundation
US /faʊnˈdeʃən/
UK /faunˈdeiʃən/
- Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
- Base or important starting point
- Underground base on which building is constructed
C1TOEICMorefrom the first
US /frəm ðə ˈfɝst/
UK /frəm ðə ˈfɜ:st/
- other
- From the very beginning.
B2Moreglobal
US /ˈgloʊbl/
UK /ˈgləʊbl/
- Adjective
- Concerning, involving, affecting all of something
- Of, affecting, or involving the entire world
A2TOEICMoregoes to show
US
UK
- Phrase
- To demonstrate or prove something.
A1Moregold
US /goʊld/
UK /gəʊld/
- Adjective
- Dark yellow color often seen in sunsets
- Uncountable Noun
- Soft yellow metal that is very valuable
A2Morehalt
US /hɔlt/
UK /hɔ:lt/
- Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
- To stop, or cause something, e.g. a car, to stop
- Noun
- A temporary or final stop.
B1TOEICMorehistory
US /ˈhɪstəri/
UK /'hɪstrɪ/
- Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
- Established pattern or record
- Study of past events as an academic subject
A2Morein any event
US /ɪn ˈɛni ɪˈvɛnt/
UK /in ˈeni iˈvent/
- Phrase
- Regardless of what happens; whatever may be the case.
in circulation
US /ɪn ˌsɚkjəˈleʃən/
UK /in ˌsə:kjuˈleiʃən/
- Adjective
- Available and being used by the public.
- Being passed from person to person.
A1Morein effect
US /ɪn ɪˈfɛkt/
UK /in iˈfekt/
- Phrase
- In reality; in practice; virtually
A1Morein other words
US
UK
- Phrase
- Stating something in a different way, often to make it clearer or more understandable.
in turn
US
UK
- Adverb
- One after the other in a sequence or rotation.
A1Morelender
US /ˈlendər/
UK /ˈlendə(r)/
- Countable Noun
- Person or business that lends money
A2Morelift
US /lɪft/
UK /lɪft/
- Noun
- Picking someone up in a car and taking to a place
- Machine carrying people up or down to other floors
- Transitive Verb
- To stop or cancel something, such as a rule
- To move something to higher position
A2Moremonetary
US /ˈmɑnɪˌtɛri, ˈmʌn-/
UK /ˈmʌnɪtri/
- Adjective
- Concerning a country's economic system
- Relating to money or currency.
B2TOEICMoremove on
US /muv ɑn/
UK /mu:v ɔn/
- Phrasal Verb
- To decide to change or go to a different place
- To start talking about something different.
A1Morenote
US /noʊ/
UK /nəʊt/
- Verb
- To notice or pay particular attention to something.
- Noun
- A short informal letter or written record.
- A piece of paper money issued by a central bank or government authority that acts as legal tender
A2TOEICMoreon earth
US /ɑn ɚθ/
UK /ɔn ə:θ/
- Phrase
- Used to emphasize a question expressing surprise or anger.
- Used to emphasize that something is not possible or will not happen.
A1Moreon the books
US /ɑn ðə bʊks/
UK /ɒn ðə bʊks/
- other
- Recorded in official documents or laws.
B2Moreon to
US /ɑn tu/
UK /ɔn tu:/
- Preposition
- Toward something; forward
- Aware of someone's activities.
- Adjective
- Aware of someone's deception or illegal activities.
A1Moreounce
US /aʊns/
UK /aʊns/
- Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
- Unit of weight equal to 1/16 pound or 28 grams
- (Often in negative) very small amount of something
B2Moreover your head
US
UK
- Adjective
- Too difficult to understand.
- Adverb
- Without consulting or informing someone who should have been involved.
A1Morepayable
US /ˈpeəbəl/
UK /ˈpeɪəbl/
- Adjective
- Due to be paid; must be paid
B1TOEICMorepilgrim
US /ˈpɪlɡrəm/
UK /ˈpɪlgrɪm/
- Countable Noun
- Traveler going to a place with religious meaning
B2Morepredictable
US /prɪˈdɪktəbl/
UK /prɪˈdɪktəbl/
- Adjective
- Capable of being guessed before it happens
B1TOEICMoreprior to
US /ˈpraɪɚ tu/
UK /ˈpraiə tu:/
- Preposition
- Before a particular time or event.
C1Moreprosperous
US /ˈprɑspərəs/
UK /'prɒspərəs/
- Adjective
- Being successful and having a lot of money
- Growing healthily
B1Moreradically
US /ˈrædɪkl:ɪ/
UK /'rædɪklɪ/
- Adverb
- Completely or extremely
B1Morerapid
US /ˈræpɪd/
UK /ˈræpɪd/
- Adjective
- Moving or happening very quickly
- Noun
- Rough and fast-moving part of a river
B1Morerecovery
US /rɪˈkʌvəri/
UK /rɪˈkʌvəri/
- Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
- Process of returning to a former (good) state
- Act of getting back something that was lost
A2TOEICMoreredeem
US /rɪˈdim/
UK /rɪ'di:m/
- Transitive Verb
- To exchange (coupon/voucher) for merchandise, etc.
B2TOEICMoreremain
US /rɪˈmen/
UK /rɪˈmeɪn/
- Intransitive Verb
- To be left behind; to continue to exist
- To stay in a place when other people have gone
A2TOEICMorereserve
US /rɪˈzɚv/
UK /rɪ'zɜ:v/
- Transitive Verb
- To arrange for a room or table be kept for you
- To not use all of, so you can use it later
- Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
- Area of land set aside as for a people
- Park or area for wildlife to roam free
A2Moreresort
US /rɪ'zɔ:rt/
UK /rɪ'zɔ:t/
- Noun
- Act of choosing something to help with a problem
- Vacation hotel or complex; area for holidays
B1TOEICMorerestraint
US /rɪˈstrent/
UK /rɪˈstreɪnt/
- Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
- Device that prevents physical movement
- Quality of calm, controlled behavior under stress
B1Moreretain
US /rɪˈten/
UK /rɪ'teɪn/
- Transitive Verb
- To continue to have or use; keep the quality of
- To keep one thing inside another for a time
A2Morerigor
US /ˈrɪɡɚ/
UK /'rɪgə/
- Uncountable Noun
- Precision or thoroughness in carrying out a task
B1Moresame time
US
UK
- Phrase
- Occurring simultaneously or at the same point in time.
- At the identical time as before; recurring at a fixed hour.
- Noun
- An equal duration or period.
A1Moresection
US / ˈsɛkʃən/
UK /'sekʃn/
- Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
- A part of a whole
- Specific group of people from a larger group
- Transitive Verb
- To divide something into smaller parts
B1TOEICMoreseizure
US /ˈsiʒɚ/
UK /'si:ʒə(r)/
- Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
- Act of taking control of something by force
- (Medical) sudden attack of illness, e.g. epileptic fit
B2Moreshorten
US /ˈʃɔrtn/
UK /'ʃɔ:tn/
- Transitive Verb
- To make something, e.g. a skirt, shorter
C1Moreslam
US /slæm/
UK /slæm/
- Transitive Verb
- To criticize sharply
- To shut with a lot of force, making a loud noise
- Noun
- Act or sound of closing a door, etc. violently
B1Morespeculative
US /ˈspɛkjulətɪv, -ˌle-/
UK /ˈspekjələtɪv/
- Adjective
- Not based on sure knowledge; based on intuition
- Based on conjecture or abstract reasoning; theoretical rather than demonstrably factual.
B2Morestatus
US /ˈstetəs, ˈstætəs/
UK /'steɪtəs/
- Uncountable Noun
- Position or rank relative to others in a society
- Legal position of a person or thing
A2TOEICMorestock
US /stɑk/
UK /stɒk/
- Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
- Animals such as cattle kept for breeding
- Merchandise; goods kept by a business for sale
- Uncountable Noun
- Tasty liquid added to stews, soups etc.
B2TOEICMoresuch as
US /sʌtʃ æz/
UK /sʌtʃ æz/
- Preposition
- For example; like
A1Moresupply
US /səˈplaɪ/
UK /sə'plaɪ/
- Uncountable Noun
- Availability of products and services for use
- Transitive Verb
- To give or sell goods to others for their use
A2TOEICMoresurplus
US /ˈsɚpləs, -ˌplʌs/
UK /ˈsɜ:pləs/
- Adjective
- More than is needed or wanted
- Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
- Extra amount of something above what you need
- The amount by which income or receipts exceed outlays or expenditure.
B1TOEICMoretake on
US /tek ɑn/
UK /teik ɔn/
- Phrasal Verb
- To acquire a new characteristic
- To accept a new responsibility, role
A1Moreturmoil
US /ˈtɚˌmɔɪl/
UK /ˈtɜ:mɔɪl/
- Uncountable Noun
- Very confused situation where things are not clear
- A state of great disturbance, confusion, or uncertainty.
B2TOEICMorewar
US /wɔr/
UK /wɔ:(r)/
- Noun
- Situation where armies fight each other
A2Morewartime
US /ˈwɔrˌtaɪm/
UK /'wɔ:taɪm/
- Uncountable Noun
- Period of time when there is armed conflict
B2More
Vocabulary
- on to: Toward something; forward
- move on: To decide to change or go to a different place
- prior to: Before a particular time or event.
- such as: For example; like
- goes to show: To demonstrate or prove something.
- on the books: Recorded in official documents or laws.
- on earth: Used to emphasize a question expressing surprise or anger.
- in other words: Stating something in a different way, often to make it clearer or more understandable.
- over your head: Too difficult to understand.
- in any event: Regardless of what happens; whatever may be the case.
- in turn: One after the other in a sequence or rotation.
- flaw in: A defect or imperfection in something.
- at the same time: Simultaneously; at the identical moment.
- same time: Occurring simultaneously or at the same point in time.
- as long as: For the period that; provided that.
- answer to: To be responsible to someone and have to explain your actions to them.
- in circulation: Available and being used by the public.
- from the first: From the very beginning.
- by extension: Using a word or phrase in a wider context than is usual, typically to include situations that are similar to the one that the word or phrase was originally used for.
- in effect: In reality; in practice; virtually
- take on: To acquire a new characteristic
- dollar: A basic unit of money equal to 100 cent
- money: Coins or notes we use to pay for things
- note: To notice or pay particular attention to something.
- window: Opening in a wall or door to let in light
- country: An area of land that is controlled by a government
- paper: Academic writing or a talk on a specific topic
- pay: To give money for goods or work done
- world: All the humans, events, activities on the earth
- gold: Dark yellow color often seen in sunsets
- lender: Person or business that lends money
- hold: To agree to keep something for someone
- history: Established pattern or record
- fall: Season after summer and before winter; Autumn
- corner: To force into a position impossible to escape from
- decide: To make a choice or choose after thinking about it
- war: Situation where armies fight each other
- climb: To rise gradually and steadily to a higher point
- happen: To take place or occur
- lift: Picking someone up in a car and taking to a place
- reserve: To arrange for a room or table be kept for you
- currency: Widespread acceptance
- exchange: Sharing/directing a look, etc. at someone else
- system: Set of organized, planned ideas that work together
- period: Set amount of time during which events take place
- government: Group of people and system that rule a nation
- remove: To get rid of something completely
- resort: Act of choosing something to help with a problem
- emergency: Sudden event needing an immediate action
- remain: To be left behind; to continue to exist
- section: A part of a whole
- shape: The outer form of something, what it looks like
- total: Whole number or amount of something
- force: Group of persons trained for military action; army
- create: To make, cause, or bring into existence
- debt: Sum of money owed to someone that is not yet paid
- supply: Availability of products and services for use
- chart: Drawing showing information in a clear way
- nation: Area or region controlled by a government and army
- rapid: Moving or happening very quickly
- global: Concerning, involving, affecting all of something
- stock: Animals such as cattle kept for breeding
- slam: To criticize sharply
- decline: To bend towards the ground
- banking: To put or keep your money in a bank
- recovery: Process of returning to a former (good) state
- predictable: Capable of being guessed before it happens
- consequence: Importance of a person or thing
- existence: State of being present, alive or real
- current: Electricity flowing through wires
- foundation: Base or important starting point
- status: Position or rank relative to others in a society
- payable: Due to be paid; must be paid
- allied: Related by a common purpose or characteristic
- shorten: To make something, e.g. a skirt, shorter
- prosperous: Being successful and having a lot of money
- drastic: Serious, severe or extreme
- radically: Completely or extremely
- monetary: Concerning a country's economic system
- backing: To bet money on something
- accumulation: Act of becoming bigger or more over time
- restraint: Device that prevents physical movement
- catastrophic: Causing a lot of damage or suffering
- speculative: Not based on sure knowledge; based on intuition
- surplus: More than is needed or wanted
- turmoil: Very confused situation where things are not clear
- retain: To continue to have or use; keep the quality of
- circulation: Movement of blood through the body
- federal: Consisting of several united states
- cartel: Groups united for a common (illegal) action
- ounce: Unit of weight equal to 1/16 pound or 28 grams
- pilgrim: Traveler going to a place with religious meaning
- seizure: Act of taking control of something by force
- devalue: To reduce the value or worth of a currency, etc.
- halt: To stop, or cause something, e.g. a car, to stop
- wartime: Period of time when there is armed conflict
- bankruptcy: State of having no money and unable to pay debts
- rigor: Precision or thoroughness in carrying out a task
- redeem: To exchange (coupon/voucher) for merchandise, etc.
- exponential: (Of an increase) at a faster and faster rate
- colony: Group (bees, etc.) that live in the same place
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01:03
She took a brave step forward, leaving behind her comfort zone to chase her dreams.
Vocabulary
- brave
adj. Having courage
- comfort zone
phr. A familiar situation where one feels safe
Explanation
a brave step is a noun phrase, where brave is an adjective modifying the noun step, meaning "a courageous step".
forward is an adverb modifying step, meaning "ahead".
The whole phrase serves as the object, answering the "what" of took (verb) — she took a brave step forward.
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brave
US/brev/
UK/breɪv/
adj.Brave
v.t.To bravely face
A2 Elementary
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80
Crash Course: Chapter 9 - A Brief History of U.S. Money by Chris Martenson
0
Why Why posted on 2013/06/05Ever wondered how US money really works and why it's changed so much? This video dives into the fascinating history of US money, from the gold standard to the Nixon Shock, giving you tons of advanced vocabulary related to economics and finance. You'll gain a deeper understanding of monetary policy and pick up some seriously useful terms along the way!
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