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In the first part of this lesson,
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we looked at adverb clauses of time,
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and I showed you how to reduce them.
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How to shorten the clauses to phrases.
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We can also reduce adverb clauses of reason.
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These clauses begin with words like because, as, since.
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They answer the question why.
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Again, we mostly use a present participle。
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the -ing form of a verb
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to form these phrases.
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That's because most of the time, we use active verbs
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Here's an example. Because the mother heard strange sounds, she grew worried.
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"Heard" is an active verb.
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The mother did something.
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She heard strange sounds.
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"Because the mother heard strange sounds"
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can be reduced.
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Hearing strange sounds, the mother grew worried.
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The steps should be familiar.
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We don't need these subordinating conjunctions in the phrases.
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They're understood.
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Our new sentence:
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Note how we use negative words
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when we shorten adverb clauses to phrases.
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It's quite simple.
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Here's an example from the story.
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Focus on the phrase.
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Do you see the word order?
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We put the negative word before the present participle.
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It's that simple.
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Now, can you understand what the full adverb clause would be?
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If we wanted to change that phrase back to a full adverb clause of reason,
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We need a subordinating conjunction.
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- A word that expresses a reason.
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Let's use BECAUSE.
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Subject: she.
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And a verb.
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In this case, complete with a helping verb in the past tense.
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Didn't feel.
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Is that clear?
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Up to now, I've only mentioned use of the present participle.
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When we change an adverb clause to a phrase,
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we sometimes need to use a past participle.
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The -ed form of a regular verb.
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It's that third form:
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Do - did - done.
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The third form.
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And we'll do this for two reasons.
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We may need to show an earlier time.
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Or we may need to express a passive meaning.
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Passive verbs emphasize that the subject is receiving an action.
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Let me give you some examples.
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Here's a line from the story.
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This phrase actually expresses both a reason
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and an earlier event.
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The full adverb clause would be:
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So we're changing an adverb clause with a perfect form.
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We need to use HAVING
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plus a past participle.
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This form explains a sequence of events.
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So when your adverb clause has a perfect verb form,
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present or past,
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use HAVING + a past participle.
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This will show that you're referring to an earlier event.
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Now, if I only wanted to emphasize
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the order of events and not a reason,
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I could just use a time word
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and a present participle
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and say something like this:
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Compare those two sentences.
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In the end, they're not that different.
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We also need to use a past participle
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when we have a passive verb in the adverb clause.
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Passive means that someone or something is receiving an action.
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Here's an example from the story.
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What would the full adverb clause be?
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It's an adverb clause of time.
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"Was reassured" is a passive verb.
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It's a form of BE plus a past participle.
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Changing that to a phrase,
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we keep both parts.
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The form of BE takes the -ing form.
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The present participle.
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The main verb remains a past participle.
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Now here's where it gets a little tricky.
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We have variations.
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This sentence could also be written as:
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Why did she decide to investigate?
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Some might choose to write:
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Personally, I think this is a little too much.
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The time word "after"
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already establishes the order of events.
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So the helping verb HAVE is really unnecessary.
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Concise is usually best.
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So consider this last variation.
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All the sentences basically say the same thing.
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But this last one is nice
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because it's so concise.
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We can remove all helping verbs
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and use only the past participle,
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understanding that it carries a passive meaning.
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Something affected the mother.
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She was reassured.
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So now you know why you might need the help of a past participle.
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But most of the time when you're changing an adverb clause to a phrase,
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you'll be working with present participles.
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You'll be changing clauses with active verbs.