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Vocabulary

  • at night: During the night; in the nighttime.
  • in the dark: Uninformed about something; unaware.
  • of course: Sure ; Certainly
  • know about: To have information or understanding of a subject or situation.
  • in fact: Used to emphasize the truth of a statement, especially one that contrasts with or contradicts something else.
  • in the middle of: In the central part or point of something.
  • mess up: To make a mistake
  • screen in: To enclose a space with a screen or mesh.
  • regardless of
  • in on: To be involved in a secret or plan.
  • check out
  • symbol of: Something that represents or stands for something else, especially an object representing an abstract idea.
  • weird: Odd or unusual; surprising; strange
  • perceive: To notice or become aware of something
  • equivalent: Equal to something in value, use or meaning
  • immune: Having a special protection from, e.g. the law
  • depression: Medical condition of a lack of vitality
  • rhythm: Pattern of events, motions, or changes
  • pattern: Model to follow in making or doing something
  • obesity: State of being so fat it can harm your health
  • improve: To make, or become, something better
  • ancient: Very old; having lived a very long time ago
  • evolve: To develop certain features
  • kinda: Short way of saying 'kind of'
  • mess: Something that is untidy, dirty or unclean
  • stress: To emphasize one or more parts of a word, sentence
  • hormone: Chemical produced by the body to control functions
  • arousal: Being woken up from sleep; sexual excitement
  • affect: To cause a change in something else
  • function: Social event, or party such as a wedding
  • brain: To strike someone forcefully on the head
  • foundation: Base or important starting point
  • circadian: Concerning biological processes occurring at -hour intervals
  • excess: Amount that is more than necessary or over a limit
  • adapt: To change something for a different function
  • explain: To make clear or easy to understand by describing
  • journal: A diary; record of what you do every day
  • cause: Belief, goal or organization that people support
  • release: To free someone from a responsibility or burden
  • cortisol: Adrenal-cortex hormone (trade names Hydrocortone or Cortef) that is active in carbohydrate and protein metabolism
  • melatonin: Hormone secreted by the pineal gland
  • widespread: Happening or existing in many places
  • universal: Existing in all places at all times for all people
  • boredom: Feeling of being uninterested or unexcited
  • tuck: To put something into a small or safe place
  • expose: To make visible, without covering or protection
  • digital: Using electronic signals or computers
  • appear: To be seen, become visible; come into sight
  • trace: To make an outline to determine a shape
  • enemy: Something that stops you doing what you want
  • industrial: Concerning making things in factories
  • pillow: Soft cushion for your head on a bed/while sleeping
  • breast: Fleshy part of a woman's body for feeding babies
  • uncertainty: Feeling of not really knowing what will happen
  • dim: Not bright; not being clear
  • spend: To use money to pay for something
  • support: To give assistance or advice to someone
  • nocturnal: Done at night; active at night
  • active: Moving around a lot or doing many things
  • proclaim: To indicate or show something clearly
  • make: To arrange or prepare something e.g. dinner
  • nap: To sleep or rest for a short time during the day
  • wide: Having a great distance from one side to the other
  • anthropology: Study of human origins, development and society
  • physiology: Ways in which the parts of a living thing operate
  • time: Speed at which music is played; tempo
  • light: To cause something to burn; put a burning match to
  • twilight: Period of time just as the sun sets
  • dark: Of a color that is not light
  • close: Almost; near
  • sunset: Daily disappearance of the sun
  • depressive: Suffering a psychological lack of happiness
  • pre: A prefix meaning 'before'
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  • not found vocabularyNo vocabulary matches your filters
    • adapt

      US /əˈdæpt/

      UK /ə'dæpt/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To change something for a different function
      • To change something to fit or suit a new purpose
      • Intransitive Verb
      • To change your behaviour so that it is easier to live in a new place or situation
      B1TOEIC
      More
    • affect

      US /əˈfɛkt/

      UK /ə'fekt/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To cause a change in something else
      • To pretend to have or feel (something).
      • Noun
      • (Psychology) Emotion or feeling.
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • ancient

      US /ˈenʃənt/

      UK /'eɪnʃənt/

      • Adjective
      • Very old; having lived a very long time ago
      • Relating to a period in history, especially in the distant past.
      • Noun
      • A person who lived in ancient times.
      A2
      More
    • anthropology

      US /ˌænθrəˈpɑ:lədʒi/

      UK /ˌænθrəˈpɒlədʒi/

      • Uncountable Noun
      • Study of human origins, development and society
      B2
      More
    • arousal

      US /ə'raʊzl/

      UK /ə'raʊzl/

      • Noun
      • Being woken up from sleep; sexual excitement
      B2
      More
    • at night

      US /æt naɪt/

      UK /æt nait/

      • Phrase
      • During the night; in the nighttime.
      A1
      More
    • boredom

      US /ˈbɔrdəm, ˈbor-/

      UK /ˈbɔ:dəm, ˈbəʊr-/

      • Uncountable Noun
      • Feeling of being uninterested or unexcited
      B1
      More
    • breast

      US /brɛst/

      UK /brest/

      • Countable Noun
      • Fleshy part of a woman's body for feeding babies
      • (Poetic) upper front part of the body; the heart
      B1
      More
    • cause

      US /kɔz/

      UK /kɔ:z/

      • Noun
      • Belief, goal or organization that people support
      • Reason for
      • Transitive Verb
      • To make something happen; create effect or result
      A2
      More
    • check out

      US /tʃɛk aʊt/

      UK /tʃek aut/

      • Phrase
      • Phrasal Verb
      • To find out information about something
      • To take books out of a library
      A1
      More
    • depression

      US /dɪˈprɛʃən/

      UK /dɪ'preʃn/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Medical condition of a lack of vitality
      • Period of unemployment and low economic activity
      B2
      More
    • depressive

      US /dɪˈprɛsɪv/

      UK /dɪˈpresɪv/

      • Adjective
      • Suffering a psychological lack of happiness
      B2
      More
    • dim

      US /dɪm/

      UK /dɪm/

      • Adjective
      • Not bright; not being clear
      • Not intelligent; a bit stupid or slow
      • Transitive Verb
      • To reduce the brightness of a light
      B1
      More
    • enemy

      US /ˈɛnəmi/

      UK /ˈenəmi/

      • Noun
      • Something that stops you doing what you want
      • Group, or people, you are opposed to
      A2
      More
    • equivalent

      US /ɪˈkwɪvələnt/

      UK /ɪˈkwɪvələnt/

      • Adjective
      • Equal to something in value, use or meaning
      • Having the same meaning or significance.
      • Noun
      • Thing like another in quality, quantity or degree
      B1TOEIC
      More
    • evolve

      US /ɪˈvɑlv/

      UK /ɪ'vɒlv/

      • Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
      • To develop certain features
      • To develop or change slowly over time
      B1
      More
    • excess

      US /ˈɛkˌsɛs/

      UK /ɪkˈses/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Amount that is more than necessary or over a limit
      • An extra amount.
      • Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
      • To be more than or go beyond.
      B1
      More
    • expose

      US /ɪkˈspoʊz/

      UK /ɪk'spəʊz/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To make visible, without covering or protection
      • To allow light through a cameras lens onto film
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • foundation

      US /faʊnˈdeʃən/

      UK /faunˈdeiʃən/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Base or important starting point
      • Underground base on which building is constructed
      C1TOEIC
      More
    • function

      US /ˈfʌŋkʃən/

      UK /'fʌŋkʃn/

      • Noun
      • Social event, or party such as a wedding
      • Mathematical operation used in calculations
      • Intransitive Verb
      • To serve a certain purpose or role
      • To be operating, working or achieving its purpose
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • hormone

      US /ˈhɔrˌmon/

      UK /'hɔ:məʊn/

      • Noun
      • Chemical produced by the body to control functions
      B2
      More
    • immune

      US /ɪˈmjoon/

      UK /ɪˈmju:n/

      • Adjective
      • Having a special protection from, e.g. the law
      • Protected against a particular disease or condition because of antibodies or vaccination.
      B1
      More
    • in fact

      US /ɪn fækt/

      UK /in fækt/

      • Adverb
      • Used to emphasize the truth of a statement, especially one that contrasts with or contradicts something else.
      • Used to introduce a more detailed or surprising piece of information.
      • Phrase
      • Used to emphasize the truth of a statement, especially one that is surprising or contrary to what might be expected.
      C1
      More
    • in on

      US

      UK

      • Phrase
      • To be involved in a secret or plan.
      • To be aware of something that is secret or not generally known.
      A1
      More
    • in the dark

      US /ɪn ði dɑrk/

      UK /in ðə dɑ:k/

      • Adjective
      • Uninformed about something; unaware.
      • Phrase
      • In a state of secrecy or ignorance.
      • In a place with little or no light.
      A1
      More
    • in the middle of

      US

      UK

      • Phrase
      • In the central part or point of something.
      • Engaged or occupied with something.
      A2
      More
    • industrial

      US /ɪnˈdʌstriəl/

      UK /ɪnˈdʌstriəl/

      • Adjective
      • Concerning making things in factories
      • Noun
      • A worker in industry.
      • A company involved in industrial production.
      A2
      More
    • journal

      US /ˈdʒɚnəl/

      UK /ˈdʒə:nl/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • A diary; record of what you do every day
      • Magazine of academic papers
      B1TOEIC
      More
    • kinda

      US /'kaɪndə/

      UK /'kaɪndə/

      • Noun
      • Short way of saying 'kind of'
      • Adverb
      • Somewhat; to some extent; rather.
      • Sort of; in a way.
      B2
      More
    • know about

      US /noʊ əˈbaʊt/

      UK /nəʊ əˈbaut/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To have information or understanding of a subject or situation.
      More
    • melatonin

      US //mel.əˈtoʊ.nɪn//

      UK //mel.əˈtəʊ.nɪn//

      • Uncountable Noun
      • Hormone secreted by the pineal gland
      • A synthetic form of the hormone melatonin, often taken as a dietary supplement to promote sleep.
      B1
      More
    • mess

      US /mɛs/

      UK /mes/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Something that is untidy, dirty or unclean
      • A difficult or confused situation.
      • Transitive Verb
      • To make something untidy or dirty
      A2
      More
    • mess up

      US /mɛs ʌp/

      UK /mes ʌp/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To make a mistake
      • To make something untidy or dirty.
      • Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
      • To make something untidy or dirty.
      • To spoil or ruin something.
      A2
      More
    • nap

      US /næp/

      UK /næp/

      • Intransitive Verb
      • To sleep or rest for a short time during the day
      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Brief period of sleep or rest during the day
      B2
      More
    • nocturnal

      US /nɑ:kˈtɜ:rnl/

      UK /nɒkˈtɜ:nl/

      • Adjective
      • Done at night; active at night
      • Flowering or opening at night
      B2
      More
    • obesity

      US /oˈbisɪti/

      UK /əʊ'bi:sətɪ/

      • Uncountable Noun
      • State of being so fat it can harm your health
      • The state of being far too heavy; corpulence.
      B2
      More
    • of course

      US /ʌv kɔː(r)s/

      UK /ɔv kɔː(r)s/

      • Adverb
      • Sure ; Certainly
      • Phrase
      • For sure; certainly
      A2
      More
    • pattern

      US /ˈpætən/

      UK /'pætn/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Model to follow in making or doing something
      • Colors or shapes which are repeated on objects
      • Transitive Verb
      • To copy the way something else is made
      • To decorate with a pattern.
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • perceive

      US /pɚˈsiv/

      UK /pə'si:v/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To notice or become aware of something
      • To think of someone or something in a certain way
      B1TOEIC
      More
    • physiology

      US /ˌfɪziˈɑ:lədʒi/

      UK /ˌfɪziˈɒlədʒi/

      • Uncountable Noun
      • Ways in which the parts of a living thing operate
      B2
      More
    • pillow

      US /ˈpɪlo/

      UK /'pɪləʊ/

      • Countable Noun
      • Soft cushion for your head on a bed/while sleeping
      • A cushion used as decoration.
      • Uncountable Noun
      • Something used to provide support or cushioning.
      B1
      More
    • pre

      US

      UK

      • Prefix
      • A prefix meaning 'before'
      B2
      More
    • proclaim

      US /proˈklem, prə-/

      UK /prə'kleɪm/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To indicate or show something clearly
      B2
      More
    • regardless of

      US /rɪˈɡɑrdlɪs ʌv/

      UK /riˈɡɑ:dlis ɔv/

      • Phrase
      • Preposition
      • Without being affected or influenced by something; despite.
      A2
      More
    • release

      US /rɪ'li:s/

      UK /rɪ'li:s/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To free someone from a responsibility or burden
      • To allow a film, music etc. to be sold/distributed
      • Noun
      • Act of freeing someone from a duty or burden
      • Introduction of a new product, film, book, etc.
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • rhythm

      US /ˈrɪðəm/

      UK /ˈrɪðəm/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Pattern of events, motions, or changes
      • A pattern of sound and beats in music
      A2
      More
    • screen in

      US /skrin ɪn/

      UK /skri:n ɪn/

      • other
      • To enclose a space with a screen or mesh.
      B2
      More
    • spend

      US /spɛnd/

      UK /spend/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To use money to pay for something
      • To use time in order to do something
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • stress

      US / strɛs/

      UK /stres/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To emphasize one or more parts of a word, sentence
      • To put pressure on something or someone
      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Emphasis on part of a word or sentence
      • Pressure on something or someone
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • sunset

      US /ˈsʌnˌsɛt/

      UK /ˈsʌnset/

      • Noun
      • Daily disappearance of the sun
      B2
      More
    • symbol of

      US

      UK

      • Phrase
      • Something that represents or stands for something else, especially an object representing an abstract idea.
      • A visible sign of something intangible.
      B2
      More
    • trace

      US /tres/

      UK /treɪs/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To make an outline to determine a shape
      • To find someone or something that has disappeared
      • Uncountable Noun
      • Very small quantity of something
      • A mark or other sign of the former presence or passage of something.
      B1
      More
    • tuck

      US /tʌk/

      UK /tʌk/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To put something into a small or safe place
      • To put something gently into place, as to hide it
      • Noun
      • Fold sewn into a skirt, etc. to improve the fit
      B1
      More
    • twilight

      US /ˈtwaɪˌlaɪt/

      UK /'twaɪlaɪt/

      • Noun
      • Period of time just as the sun sets
      B2
      More
    • uncertainty

      US /ʌnˈsə:tn:ti/

      UK /ʌn'sɜ:tntɪ/

      • Uncountable Noun
      • Feeling of not really knowing what will happen
      • Lack of confidence; doubt.
      B2TOEIC
      More
    • universal

      US /ˌjunəˈvɚsəl/

      UK /ˌju:nɪˈvɜ:sl/

      • Adjective
      • Existing in all places at all times for all people
      • Done or experienced by everyone
      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Things which apply equally to everyone
      • A general term, idea, or concept applicable to many particular things.
      A2
      More
    • weird

      US /wɪrd/

      UK /wɪəd/

      • Adjective
      • Odd or unusual; surprising; strange
      • Eerily strange or disturbing.
      B1
      More
    • widespread

      US /ˈwaɪdˈsprɛd/

      UK /ˈwaɪdspred/

      • Adjective
      • Happening or existing in many places
      A2TOEIC
      More
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    01:03

    She took a brave step forward, leaving behind her comfort zone to chase her dreams.

    Vocabulary
    • brave

      adj. Having courage

    • comfort zone

      phr. A familiar situation where one feels safe

    Explanation
    a brave step is a noun phrase, where brave is an adjective modifying the noun step, meaning "a courageous step". forward is an adverb modifying step, meaning "ahead". The whole phrase serves as the object, answering the "what" of took (verb) — she took a brave step forward.

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    brave

    US/brev/
    UK/breɪv/
    adj.Brave
    v.t.To bravely face
    A2 Elementary

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    B1US
    #sleep#yawn#nocturnal#melatonin#evolved#dnews

    Why Aren’t Humans Naturally Nocturnal?

    0
    Richard Wei posted on 2025/07/10
    Ever wondered why we're not naturally night owls? This fascinating video dives into the science behind our sleep cycles, explaining circadian rhythms and the role of melatonin. You'll pick up some awesome advanced vocabulary related to sleep and evolution, making it a super engaging way to boost your English knowledge!

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