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  • Many of us feel that our societies are a littleor even plain totally – ‘unfair’.

  • But we have a hard time explaining our sense of injustice to the powers that be in a way

  • that sounds rational and without personal pique or bitterness.

  • That’s why we need John Rawls, a twentieth-century American philosopher who provides us with

  • a failproof model for identifying what truly might be unfairand how we might gather

  • support for fixing things.

  • Rawls: http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/35/100835-004-0A003A0A.jpg

  • Born in Baltimore, Maryland, USA in 1921, Rawlsnicknamed Jackwas exposed, and

  • responded, to the injustices of the modern world from a very young age. As a child, he

  • witnessed at first hand shocking poverty in the United States,

  • http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qhA2oMrxkIQ/Tj6AiqtlZqI/AAAAAAAAErs/djyozUjG9A8/s1600/There%2527s_no_way_like_The_american_way.jpg

  • the death of his brothers from an illness he unwittingly transmitted to them, and the

  • horrors and lawlessness of the Second World War.

  • http://haveblogwilltravel.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/old_town_warsaw_waf-2012-1501-311945.jpg

  • All this inspired him to go into academia: he wanted to use the power of ideas to change

  • the unjust world he was living in.

  • It was the publication of A Theory of Justice in 1971 that properly made Rawls’s name.

  • http://c2.bibtopia.com/h/565/846/734846565.0.m.jpg

  • Having read and widely discussed his book, Bill Clinton was to label Rawlsthe greatest

  • political philosopher of the twentieth century’– and had him over to the White House for dinner

  • on a regular basis.

  • What, then, does this exemplar of fairness have to tell the modern world?

  • TEXT: 1. Things as they are now are patently unfair

  • The statistics all point to the radical unfairness of society. Comparative charts of life expectancy

  • and income projections direct us to a single overwhelming moral.

  • Here are three important example charts but we probably should re-draw them (a small graphic

  • design task) for the film so that we haven’t stolen theirs: http://pgpf.org/sites/default/files/sitecore/media%20library/PGPF/Chart-Archive/0015_life-expectancy-full.gif

  • I’d also suggest the first graph on this website--it’s from a video: http://ethericstudies.org/responsibility/one_percent.htm

  • Here’s for the whole world: http://thesocietypages.org/graphicsociology/files/2009/05/conley_champagne_distribution.png

  • But day-to-day, it can be hard to take this unfairness seriously, especially in relation

  • to our own lives. That’s because so many voices are on hand telling us that, if we

  • work hard and have ambition, we can make it. Rawls was deeply aware of how the American

  • Dream seeped through the political system and into individual heartsand he knew

  • its corrosive, regressive influence. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/THIS_IS_AMERICA..._WHERE_EVERY_BOY_CAN_DREAM_OF_BEING_PRESIDENT._-_NARA_-_515762.jpg

  • He was a statistician who knew that the rags-to-riches tales were overall so negligible as not to

  • warrant serious attention by political theorists. Indeed, mentioning them was merely a clever

  • political sleight of hand designed to prevent the powerful from having to undertake the

  • necessary task of reforming society.

  • Rawls understood that debates about unfairness and what to do about it often get bogged down

  • in arcane details and petty squabbling which mean that year after year, nothing quite gets

  • done. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Barack_Obama_presidential_debate_preparations.jpg

  • What Rawls was therefore after was a simple, economical and polemical way to show people

  • how their societies were unfair and what they might do about it.

  • TEXT: 2. Imagine if you were not you

  • Rawls intuitively understood that a lot of the reason why societies don’t become fairer

  • is that those who benefit from current injustice are spared the need to think too hard about

  • what it would have been like to be born in different circumstances. So he devised one

  • of the greatest thought experiments in the history of political thought,

  • He called it: ‘the veil of ignorance.’

  • Show in text: THE VEIL OF IGNORANCE

  • and show a picture

  • Rawls asks us to imagine ourselves in a conscious, intelligent state before our own birth, but

  • without any knowledge of what circumstances we were going to be born into; our futures

  • shrouded by a veil of ignorance. Hovering high above the planet (Rawls was fascinated

  • by the Apollo space programme), we wouldn’t know what sort of parents we’d have, what

  • our neighbourhoods would be like, how the schools would perform, what the local hospital

  • could do for us, how the police and judicial systems might treat us and so on

  • satellite view: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Flat_earth_night.png

  • The question that Rawls asks us all to contemplate is: if we knew nothing about where we’d

  • end up, what sort of a society would it feel safe to enter?

  • Theveil of ignorancestops us thinking about all those who have done well and draws

  • our attention to the appalling risks involved in entering, for example, US society as if

  • it were a lotterywithout knowing if you’d wind up the child of an orthodontist in Scottsdale,

  • Arizona

  • one option//example: https://c1.staticflickr.com/9/8340/8240125300_bb65771f96_b.jpg

  • or as the offspring of a black single mother in the rougher bits of eastern Detroit.

  • one option/example: http://pixabay.com/p-279457/?no_redirect

  • Would any sane birth-lottery player really want to take the gamble of ending up in the

  • society we now have? Probably not--they’d insist that the rules of the entire game had

  • to be changed. Otherwise it would be too risky.

  • TEXT: 3. You know what needs to be fixed

  • Rawls answers the question for us: any sane participant of the veil of ignorance experiment

  • is going to want a society with a number of things in place: theyll want the schools

  • to be very good, the hospitals to function brilliantly, unimpeachable and fair access

  • to the law and decent housing for everyone. The veil of ignorance forces observers to

  • accept that the country they’d really want to be born randomly into would almost certainly

  • be a version of Switzerland or Denmark. In other words, we know what sort of a society

  • we want to live in. We just haven’t focused on it properly until now - because the choices

  • have already been made.

  • Rawls’s experiment allows us to think more objectively about what a fair society looks

  • like in its details. When addressing major decisions about the allocation of resources

  • we need only ask ourselves: ‘how would I feel about this issue if I were stuck behind

  • the veil of ignorance?’ The fair answer emerges directly when we contemplate what

  • we would need in order still to be adequately positioned in the worst case scenario.

  • TEXT: 4. What to do next

  • A lot will depend on what’s wrong with your society. In this sense, Rawls was usefully

  • undoctrinairehe recognised that the veil of ignorance experiment throws up different

  • issues in different contexts: in some, the priority might be to fix air pollution, in

  • others, the school system.

  • But crucially, Rawls provides us with a tool to critique our current societies based on

  • a beautifully simple experiment. Well know we finally have made our societies fair when

  • we will be able to say in all honesty, from a position of imaginary ignorance before our

  • births, that we simply wouldn’t mind at all what kind of circumstances our future

  • parents might have and what sort of neighbourhoods we might be born into.

  • The fact that we simply couldn’t sanely take on such a challenge now is a measure

  • of how deeply unfair things remainand therefore how much we still have left to achieve.

  • All this John Rawls has helped us to see.

Many of us feel that our societies are a littleor even plain totally – ‘unfair’.

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B1 rawls ignorance veil org society unfair

POLITICAL THEORY - John Rawls

  • 902 92
    RAYRAY posted on 2015/10/20
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