and a lot of wind. They’re free. They’re clean. No CO2 emissions. So, what’s the problem?

Why do solar and wind combined provide less than 2% of the world’s energy?

To answer these questions, we need to understand what makes energy, or anything else for that matter,

cheap and plentiful. For something to be cheap and plentiful,

every part of the process to produce it, including every input that goes into it,

must be cheap and plentiful. Yes, the sun is free. Yes, wind is free.

But the process of turning sunlight and wind into useable energy on a mass scale is far from free.

In fact, compared to the other sources of energy -- fossil fuels, nuclear power,

and hydroelectric power, solar and wind power are very expensive.

The basic problem is that sunlight and wind as energy sources are both weak

(the more technical term is dilute) and unreliable (the more technical term is intermittent).

It takes a lot of resources to collect and concentrate them, and even more resources to make them

available on-demand. These are called the diluteness problem and the intermittency problem.

The diluteness problem is that, unlike coal or oil, the sun and the wind don’t deliver

concentrated energy -- which means you need a lot of additional materials

to produce a unit of energy. For solar power, such materials can include

highly purified silicon, phosphorus, boron, and a dozen other complex compounds like titanium

dioxide. All these materials have to be mined, refined and/or manufactured in order to make

solar panels. Those industrial processes take a lot of energy.

For wind, needed materials include high-performance compounds for turbine blades and the rare-earth

metal neodymium for lightweight, specialty magnets, as well as the steel and concrete

necessary to build structures -- thousands of them -- as tall as skyscrapers.

And as big a problem as diluteness is, it’s nothing compared to the intermittency problem.

This isn’t exactly a news flash, but the sun doesn’t shine all the time.

And the wind doesn’t blow all the time. The only way for solar and wind to be truly useful

would be if we could store them so that they would be available when we needed them.

You can store oil in a tank. Where do you store solar or wind energy? No such mass-storage

system exists. Which is why, in the entire world, there is not one real or proposed independent,

freestanding solar or wind power plant. All of them require backup. And guess what the

go-to back-up is: fossil fuel. Here’s what solar and wind electricity look

like in Germany, which is the world’s leader in “renewables”. The word erratic leaps to mind.

Wind is constantly varying, sometimes disappearing completely.

And solar produces little in the winter months when Germany most needs energy.

Therefore, some reliable source of energy is needed to do the heavy lifting. In Germany’s

case that energy is coal. So, while Germany has spent tens of billions of dollars to subsidize

solar panels and windmills, fossil fuel use in that nation has not decreased, it’s increased

-- and less than 10% of their total energy is generated by solar and wind.

Furthermore, switching back and forth between solar and wind and coal to maintain a steady

flow of energy is costly. Utility bills for the average German have gone up so dramatically

that “energy poverty” has become a popular term to describe those who cannot pay

-- or who can barely pay -- their electricity bills. If those bills one day go down, the reason

will not be more solar and wind energy, but lower oil and coal prices.

There’s no free lunch. And there’s no free energy. And that very much includes the

highly expensive energy from the sun and the wind.

I’m Alex Epstein of the Center for Industrial Progress, for Prager University.