Vocabulary

  • have to: Must do
  • think about: To consider something carefully.
  • between the lines: To understand the hidden meaning or intention in something.
  • read between the lines: To understand the hidden or implied meaning not explicitly stated.
  • engage in: To participate or become involved in something.
  • as a whole: Considering everything together; in general.
  • as well as: Also; in addition to
  • evidence of: Facts, objects, or signs that make you believe that something is true.
  • as such: Something previously stated or understood
  • in the house: Located inside a building used as a dwelling.
  • in court: Present or being discussed during a legal trial or hearing.
  • in the middle of: In the central part or point of something.
  • in a series: Arranged or happening one after another.
  • of course: Sure ; Certainly
  • thanks to: Because of; as a result of.
  • as opposed to: In contrast to; rather than.
  • contrary to: In opposition to; against.
  • in effect: In reality; in practice; virtually
  • on the basis of: Because of; using as a reason or justification.
  • stand out
  • as follows: Used to introduce a list or explanation.
  • smoking gun: Decisive evidence of a crime or wrongdoing.
  • walk free: To be released without punishment or penalty.
  • in fact: Used to emphasize the truth of a statement, especially one that contrasts with or contradicts something else.
  • in order to: For the purpose of; with the aim of.
  • beyond a reasonable doubt: Evidence that leaves no sensible doubt about the truth.
  • beyond reasonable doubt: Sufficient certainty required to convict in law.
  • next door: Living in the house next to the one mentioned
  • come from: To have as your native country or city
  • come up with: To think of an idea or solution; produce
  • for example: As an illustration or instance.
  • of sorts: Of a kind, but not a very good one.
  • sum up
  • step back: To move backwards; to move away from something.
  • for free: Without charge; at no cost.
  • cut back: To use less of something
  • the bottom line: The most important thing; the essential point.
  • in general: Typically; usually; on the whole.
  • vote in: To elect someone into a position by voting.
  • in public: In a place where anyone can see or hear you.
  • with the exception of: Excluding; not including.
  • come back: To reply to someone, often forcefully
  • in the person of: Represented or embodied by a specific individual.
  • in particular: Specifically; especially.
  • sort: To organize things by putting them into groups
  • massive: Very big; large; too big
  • process: To organize and use data in a computer
  • engage: To start to fight with an enemy
  • expression: Act of making your thoughts and feelings known
  • evidence: Factual proof that helps to establish the truth
  • basically: Used before you explain something simply, clearly
  • sense: Certain mental feeling or emotion
  • political: Being active or interested in government matters
  • conservative: (Of an estimate, price) set fairly low
  • state: Region within a country, with its own government
  • court: To act in a way to shows you wish to marry someone
  • innocent: Free from guilt or responsibility for a crime
  • series: Set of stories or articles on a particular subject
  • robust: Having physical vigor or energetic good health
  • discrimination: Ability to recognize the difference between things
  • federal: Consisting of several united states
  • religion: Organized set of beliefs about a god or gods
  • section: A part of a whole
  • congress: Meeting of elected or appointed representatives
  • principle: Moral rule or belief governing a person's behavior
  • interpretation: Explanation of the meaning of something
  • involve: To have or be included as a part of something
  • apply: To spread a substance or liquid over a surface
  • pretty: Being attractive to the eye in a simple way
  • religious: Following the rules and beliefs of a faith
  • equal: Same in shape, size, or number
  • civil: Of citizens of a country; not military, criminal
  • race: Speed contest between people, animals or vehicles
  • penalty: Negative effect resulting from your actions
  • organize: To arrange and plan things, e.g. a party
  • reliable: Being likely to be true; believable
  • supreme: Greatest in degree/nature/quality; absolute best
  • text: To send a message by phone or other device
  • broad: General; not detailed
  • constitution: Statement of fundamental principles of a country
  • count: To add things together to find the total number
  • lot: What happens to a person in life from chance; fate
  • equally: In an equal, even, or identical manner
  • kind: In a caring and helpful manner
  • liberal: Someone who is open-minded and favors progress
  • public: Owned by the government
  • government: Group of people and system that rule a nation
  • clause: Part of a sentence that has its own verb
  • amendment: A change, addition, or improvement to something
  • senate: A board of governors at a college or university
  • liberty: Doing as one wants without asking
  • innocence: Lack of guilt or responsibility for a crime
  • senator: An elected politician belonging to the senate
  • constitutional: Regarding laws that govern a nation and its people
  • governor: Person who leads a state or province
  • segregation: Forced separation of people by race, color etc.
  • democrat: An advocate of democratic principles
  • legislature: Official group with the authority to make laws
  • earl: Man with a high or noble rank in a society
  • warren: Large network of connecting rabbit burrows
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  • not found vocabularyNo vocabulary matches your filters
    • amendment

      US /əˈmɛndmənt/

      UK /əˈmendmənt/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • A change, addition, or improvement to something
      B1
      More
    • as a whole

      US /æz e hol/

      UK /æz ə həul/

      • Phrase
      • Considering everything together; in general.
      • Complete; not divided or incomplete.
      • Adjective
      • Complete; not divided or fragmented.
      A1
      More
    • as follows

      US

      UK

      • Phrase
      • Used to introduce a list or explanation.
      A1
      More
    • as opposed to

      US

      UK

      • Preposition
      • In contrast to; rather than.
      • Instead of; in place of.
      A1
      More
    • as such

      US /æz sʌtʃ/

      UK /æz sʌtʃ/

      • Pronoun
      • Something previously stated or understood
      A1
      More
    • as well as

      US /æz wɛl æz/

      UK /æz wel æz/

      • Adverb
      • Also; in addition to
      • Preposition
      • In addition to; and also.
      A1
      More
    • basically

      US /ˈbesɪkəli,-kli/

      UK /ˈbeɪsɪkli/

      • Adverb
      • Used before you explain something simply, clearly
      • In essence; when you consider the most important aspects of something.
      A2
      More
    • between the lines

      US

      UK

      • Phrase
      • To understand the hidden meaning or intention in something.
      A1
      More
    • beyond a reasonable doubt

      US /bɪˈjɑnd ə ˈrizənəbəl ˈdaʊt/

      UK /bɪˈjɒnd ə ˈri:zənəbəl ˈdaʊt/

      • other
      • Evidence that leaves no sensible doubt about the truth.
      B2
      More
    • beyond reasonable doubt

      US /bɪˈjɑnd ˈrizənəbəl ˈdaʊt/

      UK /bɪˈjɒnd ˈri:zənəbəl ˈdaʊt/

      • other
      • Sufficient certainty required to convict in law.
      B2
      More
    • broad

      US /brɔd/

      UK /brɔ:d/

      • Adjective
      • General; not detailed
      • Wide; from the shorter two sides to the other
      A2
      More
    • civil

      US /ˈsɪvəl/

      UK /ˈsɪvl/

      • Adjective
      • Of citizens of a country; not military, criminal
      • Acting in a polite, but not truly friendly manner
      B1
      More
    • clause

      US /klɔz/

      UK /klɔ:z/

      • Noun
      • Part of a sentence that has its own verb
      • Specific term or demand in a legal agreement
      B1
      More
    • come back

      US /kʌm bæk/

      UK /kʌm bæk/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To reply to someone, often forcefully
      • To be remembered
      A1
      More
    • come from

      US /kʌm frʌm/

      UK /kʌm frɔm/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To have as your native country or city
      A1
      More
    • come up with

      US /kʌm ʌp wɪð/

      UK /kʌm ʌp wið/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To think of an idea or solution; produce
      A1
      More
    • congress

      US /ˈkɑŋɡrɪs/

      UK /'kɒŋɡres/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Meeting of elected or appointed representatives
      • Proper Noun
      • American governing body of elected representatives
      B1
      More
    • conservative

      US /kənˈsɚvətɪv/

      UK /kənˈsɜ:vətɪv/

      • Adjective
      • (Of an estimate, price) set fairly low
      • Resistant to change
      • Noun
      • Person with traditional ideas; doesn't like change
      B1
      More
    • constitution

      US /ˌkɑnstɪˈtuʃən, -ˈtju-/

      UK /ˌkɔnstiˈtju:ʃən/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Statement of fundamental principles of a country
      • Condition of your health
      B1
      More
    • constitutional

      US /ˌkɑnstɪˈtuʃənəl, -ˈtju-/

      UK /ˌkɒnstɪˈtju:ʃənl/

      • Adjective
      • Regarding laws that govern a nation and its people
      • Regarding the basic health, character of a person
      B2
      More
    • contrary to

      US /ˈkɑnˌtrɛri tu/

      UK /ˈkɔntrəri tu:/

      • Preposition
      • In opposition to; against.
      • Differing from; not in agreement with.
      A1
      More
    • count

      US /kaʊnt/

      UK /kaʊnt/

      • Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
      • To add things together to find the total number
      • To matter or be important
      • Countable Noun
      • Number of things added together, e.g. votes
      • With the number of crimes, knockouts, as stated
      A2
      More
    • court

      US /kɔrt, kort/

      UK /kɔ:t/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To act in a way to shows you wish to marry someone
      • To encourage dangerous behavior
      • Noun
      • Place king or queen meet people, makes laws etc.
      • Place where legal cases are decided
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • cut back

      US /kʌt bæk/

      UK /kʌt bæk/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To use less of something
      • To reduce your use of something; reduce amount
      A1
      More
    • democrat

      US /ˈdɛməˌkræt/

      UK /'deməkræt/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • An advocate of democratic principles
      B2
      More
    • discrimination

      US /dɪˌskrɪməˈneʃən/

      UK /dɪˌskrɪmɪˈneɪʃn/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Ability to recognize the difference between things
      • Treating people unfairly due to race, age etc.
      B1
      More
    • earl

      US /ə:l/

      UK /ɜ:l/

      • Proper Noun
      • Man with a high or noble rank in a society
      • Person's name
      B2
      More
    • engage

      US /ɪn'gedʒ/

      UK /ɪn'ɡeɪdʒ/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To start to fight with an enemy
      • To hire someone for a task or job
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • engage in

      US /ɪn'gedʒ ɪn/

      UK /ɪnˈɡeɪdʒ in/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To participate or become involved in something.
      B1
      More
    • evidence of

      US

      UK

      • Phrase
      • Facts, objects, or signs that make you believe that something is true.
      • Something that shows that something else exists or is true.
      A1
      More
    • expression

      US /ɪkˈsprɛʃən/

      UK /ɪk'spreʃn/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Act of making your thoughts and feelings known
      • Group of words that have a specific meaning
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • federal

      US /ˈfɛdərəl, ˈfɛdrəl/

      UK /'fedərəl/

      • Adjective
      • Consisting of several united states
      • Relating to a system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and constituent political units.
      • Proper Noun
      • The central banking system of the United States.
      B1
      More
    • for example

      US

      UK

      • Phrase
      • As an illustration or instance.
      More
    • for free

      US /fɔr fri/

      UK /fɔ: fri:/

      • Phrase
      • Without charge; at no cost.
      • Adjective
      • Available without payment.
      A2
      More
    • governor

      US /ˈgʌvərnə(r)/

      UK /ˈgʌvənə(r)/

      • Noun
      • Person who leads a state or province
      B2
      More
    • have to

      US /hæv tu/

      UK /ˈhæv tə/

      • Auxiliary Verb
      • Must do
      A1
      More
    • in a series

      US

      UK

      • Phrase
      • Arranged or happening one after another.
      • Occurring sequentially or in a specific order.
      B1
      More
    • in court

      US /ɪn kɔrt/

      UK /in kɔ:t/

      • Phrase
      • Present or being discussed during a legal trial or hearing.
      A1
      More
    • in effect

      US /ɪn ɪˈfɛkt/

      UK /in iˈfekt/

      • Phrase
      • In reality; in practice; virtually
      A1
      More
    • in fact

      US /ɪn fækt/

      UK /in fækt/

      • Adverb
      • Used to emphasize the truth of a statement, especially one that contrasts with or contradicts something else.
      • Used to introduce a more detailed or surprising piece of information.
      • Phrase
      • Used to emphasize the truth of a statement, especially one that is surprising or contrary to what might be expected.
      C1
      More
    • in general

      US /ɪn ˈdʒɛnərəl/

      UK /in ˈdʒenərəl/

      • Phrase
      • Typically; usually; on the whole.
      • Not specific or detailed; broadly.
      • Adjective
      • Not detailed or specific; overall.
      C2
      More
    • in order to

      US /ɪn ˈɔrdɚ tu/

      UK /in ˈɔ:də tu:/

      • Preposition
      • For the purpose of; with the aim of.
      • Phrase
      • In a specific sequence or arrangement.
      • With the aim of; for the purpose of.
      C1
      More
    • in particular

      US /ɪn pɚˈtɪkjəlɚ/

      UK /in pəˈtikjulə/

      • Phrase
      • Specifically; especially.
      • Detailed or precise.
      A1
      More
    • in public

      US /ɪn ˈpʌblɪk/

      UK /in ˈpʌblik/

      • Phrase
      • In a place where anyone can see or hear you.
      • Adjective
      • Relating to the government or the people as a whole.
      B1
      More
    • in the house

      US

      UK

      • Phrase
      • Located inside a building used as a dwelling.
      • Within a legislative body, such as a parliament or congress.
      A1
      More
    • in the middle of

      US

      UK

      • Phrase
      • In the central part or point of something.
      • Engaged or occupied with something.
      A2
      More
    • in the person of

      US /ɪn ðə ˈpɝsn ʌv/

      UK /in ðə ˈpɜ:sn ɔv/

      • Preposition
      • Represented or embodied by a specific individual.
      C1
      More
    • innocence

      US /ˈɪnəsəns/

      UK /ˈɪnəsns/

      • Uncountable Noun
      • Lack of guilt or responsibility for a crime
      • Lack of worldly experience; naivety.
      B2
      More
    • innocent

      US /ˈɪnəsənt/

      UK /'ɪnəsnt/

      • Adjective
      • Free from guilt or responsibility for a crime
      • (Accidentally being harmed) without deserving it
      • Noun
      • Person with little experience of the world
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • interpretation

      US /ɪnˌtɜː(r)prɪˈteɪʃ(ə)n/

      UK

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Explanation of the meaning of something
      • Act of translating between languages
      A2
      More
    • involve

      US /ɪnˈvɑlv/

      UK /ɪn'vɒlv/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To have or be included as a part of something
      • To cause (a person or group) to take part in an event or activity.
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • legislature

      US /ˈlɛdʒɪˌsletʃɚ/

      UK /ˈledʒɪsleɪtʃə(r)/

      • Noun
      • Official group with the authority to make laws
      B2
      More
    • liberal

      US /ˈlɪbərəl, ˈlɪbrəl/

      UK /'lɪbərəl/

      • Noun
      • Someone who is open-minded and favors progress
      • Adjective
      • Open-minded; willing to hear others' opinions
      • Political party for freedom and social change
      B1TOEIC
      More
    • liberty

      US /ˈlɪbəti/

      UK /'lɪbətɪ/

      • Uncountable Noun
      • Doing as one wants without asking
      • Power to do what you choose
      • Adjective
      • Not imprisoned; free.
      B1
      More
    • massive

      US /ˈmæsɪv/

      UK /ˈmæsɪv/

      • Adjective
      • Very big; large; too big
      • Large or imposing in scale or scope.
      B1
      More
    • next door

      US /nɛkst dɔr/

      UK /nekst dɔ:/

      • Adverb
      • Living in the house next to the one mentioned
      A1
      More
    • of course

      US /ʌv kɔː(r)s/

      UK /ɔv kɔː(r)s/

      • Adverb
      • Sure ; Certainly
      • Phrase
      • For sure; certainly
      A2
      More
    • of sorts

      US

      UK

      • Phrase
      • Of a kind, but not a very good one.
      • Used to describe something when you cannot be more precise.
      A1
      More
    • on the basis of

      US

      UK

      • Phrase
      • Because of; using as a reason or justification.
      A1
      More
    • penalty

      US /ˈpɛnəlti/

      UK /'penəltɪ/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Negative effect resulting from your actions
      • Punishment for committing a crime or offense
      B1TOEIC
      More
    • political

      US /pəˈlɪtɪkəl/

      UK /pəˈlɪtɪkl/

      • Adjective
      • Being active or interested in government matters
      • Diplomatic
      A2
      More
    • principle

      US /ˈprɪnsəpəl/

      UK /ˈprɪnsəpl/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Moral rule or belief governing a person's behavior
      • Natural law that explains how things work
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • process

      US /ˈprɑsˌɛs, ˈproˌsɛs/

      UK /prə'ses/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To organize and use data in a computer
      • To deal with official forms in the way required
      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Dealing with official forms in the way required
      • Set of changes that occur slowly and naturally
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • race

      US /res/

      UK /reɪs/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Speed contest between people, animals or vehicles
      • People who share physical features or culture
      • Intransitive Verb
      • To take part in a running or swimming competition
      • To move or go at a very fast pace
      A2
      More
    • read between the lines

      US /rid bɪˈtwin ðə laɪnz/

      UK /ri:d bɪˈtwi:n ðə laɪnz/

      • other
      • To understand the hidden or implied meaning not explicitly stated.
      B2
      More
    • reliable

      US /rɪˈlaɪəbəl/

      UK /rɪˈlaɪəbl/

      • Adjective
      • Being likely to be true; believable
      • Deserving of your trust; dependable
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • religion

      US /rɪˈlɪdʒən/

      UK /rɪˈlɪdʒən/

      • Countable Noun
      • Organized set of beliefs about a god or gods
      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Belief in God or gods that governs people's lives
      • A person's particular system of beliefs and worship.
      A2
      More
    • religious

      US /rɪˈlɪdʒəs/

      UK /rɪˈlɪdʒəs/

      • Adjective
      • Following the rules and beliefs of a faith
      • Relating to or manifesting faithful devotion to an acknowledged ultimate reality or deity.
      B1
      More
    • robust

      US /roˈbʌst, ˈroˌbʌst/

      UK /rəʊˈbʌst/

      • Adjective
      • Having physical vigor or energetic good health
      B2TOEIC
      More
    • section

      US / ˈsɛkʃən/

      UK /'sekʃn/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • A part of a whole
      • Specific group of people from a larger group
      • Transitive Verb
      • To divide something into smaller parts
      B1TOEIC
      More
    • segregation

      US /ˌsɛɡrɪˈɡeʃən/

      UK /ˌsegrɪˈgeɪʃn/

      • Uncountable Noun
      • Forced separation of people by race, color etc.
      • Act separating one part of a thing from another
      B2
      More
    • senate

      US /ˈsɛnɪt/

      UK /'senət/

      • Noun
      • A board of governors at a college or university
      B2
      More
    • senator

      US /ˈsɛnətɚ/

      UK /ˈsenətə(r)/

      • Noun
      • An elected politician belonging to the senate
      B2
      More
    • smoking gun

      US /ˈsmokɪŋ ɡʌn/

      UK /ˈsməʊkɪŋ ɡʌn/

      • Noun
      • Decisive evidence of a crime or wrongdoing.
      A1
      More
    • stand out

      US /stænd aʊt/

      UK /stænd aut/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To be noticeably better than other similar ones
      A1
      More
    • step back

      US /stɛp bæk/

      UK /step bæk/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To move backwards; to move away from something.
      • To take a break from something; to gain perspective.
      A1
      More
    • sum up

      US

      UK

      • Phrase
      • Phrasal Verb
      • To state the main points of (something) in a concise way.
      A2
      More
    • supreme

      US /sʊˈprim/

      UK /su:ˈpri:m/

      • Adjective
      • Greatest in degree/nature/quality; absolute best
      • Holding the highest power, status or authority
      B1
      More
    • thanks to

      US /θæŋks tu/

      UK /θæŋks tu:/

      • Preposition
      • Because of; as a result of.
      A1
      More
    • the bottom line

      US /ði ˈbɑtəm laɪn/

      UK /ðə ˈbɔtəm lain/

      • Noun
      • The most important thing; the essential point.
      • The net income or profit of a company.
      A2
      More
    • think about

      US /θɪŋk əˈbaʊt/

      UK /θiŋk əˈbaut/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To consider something carefully.
      • To remember or call to mind.
      A1
      More
    • vote in

      US /voʊt ɪn/

      UK /vəut ɪn/

      • other
      • To elect someone into a position by voting.
      B1
      More
    • walk free

      US /ˈwɔk fri/

      UK /ˈwɔ:k fri:/

      • other
      • To be released without punishment or penalty.
      B1
      More
    • warren

      US /ˈwɔrən, ˈwɑr-/

      UK /'wɒrən/

      • Noun
      • Large network of connecting rabbit burrows
      C1
      More
    • with the exception of

      US

      UK

      • Phrase
      • Excluding; not including.
      A1
      More
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    01:03

    She took a brave step forward, leaving behind her comfort zone to chase her dreams.

    Vocabulary
    • brave

      adj. Having courage

    • comfort zone

      phr. A familiar situation where one feels safe

    Explanation
    a brave step is a noun phrase, where brave is an adjective modifying the noun step, meaning "a courageous step". forward is an adverb modifying step, meaning "ahead". The whole phrase serves as the object, answering the "what" of took (verb) — she took a brave step forward.

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    brave

    US/brev/
    UK/breɪv/
    adj.Brave
    v.t.To bravely face
    A2 Elementary

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    #warren#court#amendment#voting#prayer#clause

    Confronting Modern Case Law, Part 2 | America's Unwritten Constitution with Akhil Reed Amar

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    林宜悉 posted on 2026/08/03
    Dive into the fascinating world of American constitutional law with Akhil Reed Amar as he continues his discussion on the Warren Court Revolution! You'll explore landmark cases on school prayer and the controversial exclusionary rule, picking up key phrases like "incorporate" and "robust, uninhibited, and wide-open freedom of speech" along the way.

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