Vocabulary

• after all: In spite of what was expected; used to introduce a statement that supports a previous statement or explains why it was made
• recorded history: The period of time for which written records exist.
• in the past: During a former period of time; previously.
• in the world: Used to emphasize a question expressing surprise, confusion, or disbelief.
• in the first place: To begin with; as the first point or consideration.
• rather than: More exactly; more correctly
• sheer size: The impressive or intimidating magnitude of something.
• account for: To explain the cause or reason for something
• on to: Toward something; forward
• at first glance: Upon initial observation or assessment.
• in other words: Stating something in a different way, often to make it clearer or more understandable.
• strip out: To remove or take away something that is not necessary or wanted.
• in the face of: When confronted with something difficult or challenging.
• in stock: Available to buy in a store
• run through: To pierce with a sharp pointed object
• around the world: In or to many countries.
• as long as: For the period that; provided that.
• stuff: Generic description for things, materials, objects
• essentially: Basically; (said when stating the basic facts)
• equivalent: Equal to something in value, use or meaning
• incredibly: To a great degree; very; amazingly
• massive: Very big; large; too big
• average: Total of numbers divided by the number of items
• surge: Sudden movement in one direction by many
• consequence: Importance of a person or thing
• amount: Quantity of something
• roughly: Approximately; (of numbers) about; around
• pressure: Anxiety caused by difficult problems
• blame: To say someone is responsible for something bad
• industry: Hard work; being busy working
• underestimate: To make too low a guess of something's size, value
• absorb: To take up all attention / energy of something
• currency: Widespread acceptance
• afford: To make available, to provide
• issue: To make something available to be used or sold
• absurd: So foolish as to be difficult to believe
• misconception: Wrong or misunderstood idea
• explain: To make clear or easy to understand by describing
• region: Part of a country, of the world, area, etc.
• account: An advantage
• deficit: Amount less than what is needed or required
• budget: Amount of money planned to be spent
• lead: Wire for electricity, computer, etc.; cable
• competitive: Being strongly driven to win or be better than
• trade: A specific industry, e.g. shoe making
• economy: Using money, resources in a careful, effective way
• reduce: To try to decrease, e.g. your weight if overweight
• influential: Having the power to cause change; having influence
• suggest: To mention something that could be done; propose
• surplus: More than is needed or wanted
• peak: Part of a cap that sticks out over your eyes
• foreign: Being of a different place or country
• industrial: Concerning making things in factories
• tariff: List of fixed prices at hotel
• analysis: Careful study to better understand something
• murky: Being dark, unclear, and difficult to see through
• include: To make someone, something part of a group
• rank: To rate or class things
• world: All the humans, events, activities on the earth
• govern: To officially control land and make policies
• clear: Empty; without anything in it or on it
• country: An area of land that is controlled by a government
• long: Person's name
• reshape: To form something into a new shape
• quadruple: To make or become four times bigger in number
• orthodox: Believing in and following traditions; traditional
• run: To depart or travel according to a schedule
• large: Big; of great size; broad, tall, wide, or fat
• top: To be higher or larger than a specific value
• disarm: To take away the weapons of
• rundown: (Of building) old and in poor condition
• tout: To praise or promote something
• southeast: Location in the southeastern part of an area
• devalue: To reduce the value or worth of a currency, etc.
• boggle: (Eyes) to protrude or come out due to surprise