Vocabulary

  • have to: Must do
  • with respect to: In relation to; regarding.
  • in terms of
  • for some reason: For a reason that is not known or not easily explained.
  • at the same time: Simultaneously; at the identical moment.
  • same time: Occurring simultaneously or at the same point in time.
  • look at: To use your eyes to focus on something
  • bring down: To destroy (government, etc.) forcefully
  • stay in: To remain inside one's home.
  • of course: Sure ; Certainly
  • think about: To consider something carefully.
  • back then: At that time in the past.
  • reach out: To attempt to communicate with someone.
  • around the world: In or to many countries.
  • as we know it: In the form or way commonly understood or accepted.
  • got to: To arrive at some place
  • lead to: To result in some action
  • for instance: As an example.
  • cut off: To end a process, e.g. a phone call
  • wind up: To be brought to a state of great tension
  • by any means: In any way possible, regardless of the method
  • western countries: Countries generally located in Europe and North America, characterized by democratic governments and capitalist economies.
  • cut down: To reduce your use of something
  • in favor of: Expressing support or approval for someone or something.
  • ramp up: To increase the level or amount of something sharply.
  • sit around: To spend time idly; to do nothing in particular.
  • after all: In spite of what was expected; used to introduce a statement that supports a previous statement or explains why it was made
  • on the fence: Undecided; wavering between two options.
  • over the edge: In a state of emotional or mental breakdown; beyond the limits of what one can handle.
  • walk away: To leave a situation, especially a difficult or unpleasant one.
  • file in: Enter a place in a neat, organized line or sequence.
  • instead of: When one thing is replaced by another
  • go ahead: To start an activity; start doing, working etc.
  • over time: Gradually; as time passes.
  • in the west: Located in or towards the west.
  • of a sudden: Quickly and unexpectedly; suddenly.
  • come back: To reply to someone, often forcefully
  • see in: To accompany someone to the entrance of a building or room.
  • talking about: To discuss a particular topic.
  • do in: To make completely tired out and exhausted
  • on paper: In theory or as a plan, but not necessarily in reality.
  • in practice: In reality or actual use; as opposed to in theory.
  • significant: Large enough to be noticed or have an effect
  • tough: (Of food) difficult to chew or bite through
  • determine: To control exactly how something will be or act
  • pursue: To follow and try to catch, or to reach a goal
  • position: Person's opinion or attitude about something
  • incentive: Something that encourages you to do something
  • reluctant: Experiencing or expressing unwillingness to do
  • implement: To start to do something you plan to do
  • financial: Involving money
  • fuel: To give power to (a mob, anger, etc.); incite
  • realistic: Looks or appears real; like things really are
  • authority: The power to give orders to people
  • mention: To refer to or talk or write about something
  • state: Region within a country, with its own government
  • drill: A machine that makes holes with a metal bit
  • congress: Meeting of elected or appointed representatives
  • challenge: An activity you wish to try that may be hard to do
  • threat: Warning of probable trouble
  • administration: Act of giving e.g. medicine to a patient
  • lead: Wire for electricity, computer, etc.; cable
  • dominance: Having more power, success than others
  • respect: To follow the established rules
  • persuade: To try to make someone to do, believe something
  • article: Word such as 'a', 'an', or 'the' used before nouns
  • trade: A specific industry, e.g. shoe making
  • economy: Using money, resources in a careful, effective way
  • essay: Short piece of written opinion on a subject
  • reduce: To try to decrease, e.g. your weight if overweight
  • exception: Something different or not included
  • resolve: To make a decision to do something
  • important: Having power or authority
  • single: One run in cricket or a hit baseball
  • determination: Will to achieve a goal despite difficulties
  • seize: To take a place with force, as by military action
  • act: To behave in a certain way
  • argue: To fight or disagree over something
  • humanitarian: Person who tries to help those in a crisis
  • barrel: To travel at high speed
  • draft: Withdrawal of money from the bank
  • sovereign: King, queen, emperor etc. of a country
  • change: To exchange one set of clothes for another
  • hard: Difficult to do; difficult to understand
  • comply: To obey; follow a rule, another's wishes etc.
  • diplomacy: Tactful handling of sensitive relationships
  • part: Division of a book
  • time: Speed at which music is played; tempo
  • presidency: Fact or period of time of being a president
  • price: Person's name
  • show: To be easily seen or displayed
  • secondary: Being of less importance than something else
  • turkey: Edible bird resembling a large chicken
  • calculus: Branch of math dealing with rates of change, etc.
  • leeway: Sideways drift, as of a boat from a course
  • shale: Soft rock that easily breaks into flat pieces
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    • administration

      US / ædˌmɪnɪˈstreʃən/

      UK /ədˌmɪnɪˈstreɪʃn/

      • Uncountable Noun
      • Act of giving e.g. medicine to a patient
      • The work of running something, e.g. a business
      B1TOEIC
      More
    • after all

      US /ˈæftɚ ɔl/

      UK /ˈɑ:ftə ɔ:l/

      • Adverb
      • In spite of what was expected; used to introduce a statement that supports a previous statement or explains why it was made
      • Considering everything; used to indicate that something is happening or is true despite some difficulty or obstacle
      • Phrase
      • Despite what was expected or thought; in spite of everything.
      • Taking everything into consideration; considering that.
      B1
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    • around the world

      US /əˈraʊnd ði wɜrld/

      UK /əˈraund ðə wɜː(r)ld/

      • Phrase
      • In or to many countries.
      • In various places throughout the world.
      A2
      More
    • article

      US /ˈɑrtɪkəl/

      UK /'ɑ:tɪkl/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Word such as 'a', 'an', or 'the' used before nouns
      • Piece of writing about a particular subject
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • as we know it

      US /əz wi no ɪt/

      UK /əz wi nəu ɪt/

      • other
      • In the form or way commonly understood or accepted.
      B2
      More
    • at the same time

      US

      UK

      • Phrase
      • Simultaneously; at the identical moment.
      • Nevertheless; however; used to introduce a contrasting or qualifying statement.
      A1
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    • authority

      US /əˈθɔrɪti, əˈθɑr-, ɔˈθɔr-, ɔˈθɑr-/

      UK /ɔ:ˈθɒrəti/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • The power to give orders to people
      • Person who is an expert on a particular topic
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • back then

      US

      UK

      • Phrase
      • At that time in the past.
      A1
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    • barrel

      US /ˈbærəl/

      UK /'bærəl/

      • Intransitive Verb
      • To travel at high speed
      • Countable Noun
      • A round container with curved sides and flat ends
      • Straight tube from which a bullet exits a gun
      B1
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    • bring down

      US /brɪŋ daʊn/

      UK /briŋ daun/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To destroy (government, etc.) forcefully
      • To kill someone, often with a gun
      A1
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    • by any means

      US

      UK

      • Phrase
      • In any way possible, regardless of the method
      • Whatever is necessary to achieve something.
      A1
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    • calculus

      US /ˈkælkjələs/

      UK /ˈkælkjələs/

      • Uncountable Noun
      • Branch of math dealing with rates of change, etc.
      C1
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    • challenge

      US /ˈtʃæləndʒ/

      UK /'tʃælɪndʒ/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • An activity you wish to try that may be hard to do
      • Act of formally inviting someone to compete
      • Transitive Verb
      • To formally invite someone to compete at something
      • To question the correctness of something
      A2
      More
    • come back

      US /kʌm bæk/

      UK /kʌm bæk/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To reply to someone, often forcefully
      • To be remembered
      A1
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    • comply

      US /kəmˈplaɪ/

      UK /kəmˈplaɪ/

      • Intransitive Verb
      • To obey; follow a rule, another's wishes etc.
      B2
      More
    • congress

      US /ˈkɑŋɡrɪs/

      UK /'kɒŋɡres/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Meeting of elected or appointed representatives
      • Proper Noun
      • American governing body of elected representatives
      B1
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    • cut down

      US /kʌt daʊn/

      UK /kʌt daun/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To reduce your use of something
      • To fell a tree.
      A1
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    • cut off

      US /kʌt ɔf/

      UK /kʌt ɔf/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To end a process, e.g. a phone call
      • To cut the end of something
      • Transitive Verb
      • To isolate or prevent access to a place or person.
      • To interrupt someone while they are speaking.
      A1
      More
    • determination

      US /dɪˌtɚməˈneʃən/

      UK /dɪˌtɜ:mɪˈneɪʃn/

      • Uncountable Noun
      • Will to achieve a goal despite difficulties
      • The act of finding out or establishing something exactly, usually as the result of research or calculation.
      B1
      More
    • determine

      US /dɪˈtɚmɪn/

      UK /dɪ'tɜ:mɪn/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To control exactly how something will be or act
      • To establish the facts about; discover
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • diplomacy

      US /dɪˈploməsi/

      UK /dɪˈpləʊməsi/

      • Uncountable Noun
      • Tactful handling of sensitive relationships
      • The art and practice of conducting negotiations between nations; skill in handling affairs without arousing hostility.
      B2
      More
    • do in

      US

      UK

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To make completely tired out and exhausted
      • To destroy or cause damage to someone
      A1
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    • dominance

      US /ˈdɑmənəns/

      UK /'dɒmɪnəns/

      • Uncountable Noun
      • Having more power, success than others
      • Power and influence over others.
      B1
      More
    • draft

      US /dræft/

      UK /drɑ:ft/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Withdrawal of money from the bank
      • System for selecting people to join the military
      • Transitive Verb
      • To order people to join the army in time of war
      • To select people for a task or team
      B1TOEIC
      More
    • drill

      US /drɪl/

      UK /drɪl/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • A machine that makes holes with a metal bit
      • Exercise done to learn military skills
      • Transitive Verb
      • To make a deep hole to find oil, gas etc.
      • To put a hole in something by using a boring tool
      B1TOEIC
      More
    • essay

      US /ˈɛsˌe, ɛˈse/

      UK /'eseɪ/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Short piece of written opinion on a subject
      • A test of the quality of a metal or ore.
      • Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
      • To attempt or try.
      • To test or evaluate the quality of something.
      B1
      More
    • exception

      US /ɪkˈsɛpʃən/

      UK /ɪkˈsepʃn/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Something different or not included
      • An objection or feeling of disapproval.
      B1TOEIC
      More
    • file in

      US /faɪl ɪn/

      UK /faɪl ɪn/

      • other
      • Enter a place in a neat, organized line or sequence.
      B2
      More
    • financial

      US /faɪˈnænʃ(ə)l/

      UK /faɪˈnænʃl/

      • Adjective
      • Involving money
      • Relating to investments.
      • Countable Noun
      • A person who provides advice on financial matters.
      A2TOEIC
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    • for instance

      US /fɔr ˈɪnstəns/

      UK /fɔ: ˈinstəns/

      • Adverb
      • As an example.
      • Phrase
      • As an example.
      • As an illustration or case in point
      B1
      More
    • for some reason

      US /fɔr sʌm ˈrizən/

      UK /fɔ: sʌm ˈri:zən/

      • Phrase
      • For a reason that is not known or not easily explained.
      A1
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    • fuel

      US /ˈfjuəl/

      UK /'fju:əl/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To give power to (a mob, anger, etc.); incite
      • To provide gas or petrol for something
      • Uncountable Noun
      • Material used to produce heat or power when burned
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • go ahead

      US /ɡo əˈhɛd/

      UK /ɡəu əˈhed/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To start an activity; start doing, working etc.
      • To give permission to do something
      • Intransitive Verb
      • To start or proceed with something
      • To proceed despite potential obstacles or doubts.
      A1
      More
    • got to

      US /ɡɑt tu/

      UK /gɔt tu:/

      • Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
      • To arrive at some place
      • To have the opportunity or permission to do something
      • Phrasal Verb
      • To appeal to the emotions of; move
      • To finally begin to start something after a delay
      A1
      More
    • have to

      US /hæv tu/

      UK /ˈhæv tə/

      • Auxiliary Verb
      • Must do
      A1
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    • humanitarian

      US /hju:ˌmænɪˈteriən/

      UK /hju:ˌmænɪˈteəriən/

      • Noun
      • Person who tries to help those in a crisis
      • Adjective
      • Concerned with or seeking to promote human welfare.
      B2
      More
    • implement

      US /ˈɪmpləmənt/

      UK /ˈɪmplɪment/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To start to do something you plan to do
      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • A tool
      B1TOEIC
      More
    • in favor of

      US /ɪn ˈfevɚ ʌv/

      UK /in ˈfeivə ɔv/

      • Phrase
      • Expressing support or approval for someone or something.
      • To the advantage of; benefiting.
      • Preposition
      • Supporting or approving of something.
      • To the advantage of; to the benefit of.
      A1
      More
    • in practice

      US /ɪn ˈpræktɪs/

      UK /in ˈpræktis/

      • Phrase
      • In reality or actual use; as opposed to in theory.
      A1
      More
    • in terms of

      US

      UK

      • Phrase
      • With regard to; concerning a particular aspect.
      A1
      More
    • in the west

      US

      UK

      • Phrase
      • Located in or towards the west.
      • Located in the western part of a country or region.
      A1
      More
    • incentive

      US /ɪnˈsɛntɪv/

      UK /ɪnˈsentɪv/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • Something that encourages you to do something
      • Adjective
      • Serving to encourage or motivate.
      B1TOEIC
      More
    • instead of

      US /ɪnˈstɛd ʌv/

      UK /inˈsted ɔv/

      • Preposition
      • When one thing is replaced by another
      • Adverb
      • As a substitute or alternative.
      A1
      More
    • lead to

      US /lid tu/

      UK /li:d tu:/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To result in some action
      • Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
      • To have something as a consequence or result.
      A1
      More
    • leeway

      US /ˈliˌwe/

      UK /ˈli:weɪ/

      • Noun
      • Sideways drift, as of a boat from a course
      C1
      More
    • look at

      US /lʊk æt/

      UK /luk æt/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To use your eyes to focus on something
      • To focus your eyes on something carefully
      A1
      More
    • mention

      US /ˈmɛnʃən/

      UK /'menʃn/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To refer to or talk or write about something
      • Uncountable Noun
      • Act of referring to or talking about something
      • A formal acknowledgement of something
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • of a sudden

      US

      UK

      • Phrase
      • Quickly and unexpectedly; suddenly.
      B2
      More
    • of course

      US /ʌv kɔː(r)s/

      UK /ɔv kɔː(r)s/

      • Adverb
      • Sure ; Certainly
      • Phrase
      • For sure; certainly
      A2
      More
    • on paper

      US /ɑn ˈpeɪpər/

      UK /ɔn ˈpeipə/

      • Phrase
      • In theory or as a plan, but not necessarily in reality.
      • Recorded in writing; documented.
      A1
      More
    • on the fence

      US /ɑn ði fɛns/

      UK /ɔn ðə fens/

      • Phrase
      • Undecided; wavering between two options.
      • Remaining neutral; not taking sides in a dispute.
      A1
      More
    • over the edge

      US

      UK

      • Phrase
      • In a state of emotional or mental breakdown; beyond the limits of what one can handle.
      • Beyond the physical boundary or brink of something.
      B1
      More
    • over time

      US /ˈovɚ taɪm/

      UK /ˈəuvə taim/

      • Phrase
      • Gradually; as time passes.
      • During a long period.
      • Adverb
      • Gradually; as time passes.
      B1
      More
    • persuade

      US /pərˈsweɪd/

      UK /pəˈsweɪd/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To try to make someone to do, believe something
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • presidency

      US /ˈprɛzɪdənsi, -ˌdɛn-/

      UK /ˈprezɪdənsi/

      • Uncountable Noun
      • Fact or period of time of being a president
      B2
      More
    • pursue

      US /pɚˈsu/

      UK /pə'sju:/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To follow and try to catch, or to reach a goal
      • To try to achieve or get something over time
      B1TOEIC
      More
    • ramp up

      US /ræmp ʌp/

      UK /ræmp ʌp/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To increase the level or amount of something sharply.
      More
    • reach out

      US /ritʃ aʊt/

      UK /ri:tʃ aut/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To attempt to communicate with someone.
      • To offer help and support to someone.
      B1
      More
    • realistic

      US /ˌriəˈlɪstɪk/

      UK /ˌri:əˈlɪstɪk/

      • Adjective
      • Looks or appears real; like things really are
      • Having or showing a practical awareness of things as they are
      A2
      More
    • reduce

      US /rɪˈdus, -ˈdjus/

      UK /rɪ'dju:s/

      • Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
      • To try to decrease, e.g. your weight if overweight
      • To boil a liquid until it has decreased in amount
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • reluctant

      US /rɪˈlʌktənt/

      UK /rɪˈlʌktənt/

      • Adjective
      • Experiencing or expressing unwillingness to do
      • Showing doubt or unwillingness.
      B1
      More
    • resolve

      US /rɪˈzɑlv/

      UK /rɪ'zɒlv/

      • Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
      • To make a decision to do something
      • To find an answer, solution to a problem/ question
      • Uncountable Noun
      • Firm determination to do something.
      B1TOEIC
      More
    • respect

      US /rɪˈspɛkt/

      UK /rɪ'spekt/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To follow the established rules
      • To think very highly of another person
      • Noun
      • Behavior that follows the established rules
      • Regard or admiration for someone or something
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • same time

      US

      UK

      • Phrase
      • Occurring simultaneously or at the same point in time.
      • At the identical time as before; recurring at a fixed hour.
      • Noun
      • An equal duration or period.
      A1
      More
    • see in

      US /si ɪn/

      UK /si: in/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To accompany someone to the entrance of a building or room.
      A1
      More
    • seize

      US /siz/

      UK /si:z/

      • Transitive Verb
      • To take a place with force, as by military action
      • To arrest or catch someone
      B1
      More
    • shale

      US /ʃel/

      UK /ʃeɪl/

      • Uncountable Noun
      • Soft rock that easily breaks into flat pieces
      C1
      More
    • significant

      US /sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt/

      UK /sɪgˈnɪfɪkənt/

      • Adjective
      • Large enough to be noticed or have an effect
      • Having meaning; important; noticeable
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • sit around

      US /sit əˈraʊnd/

      UK /sit əˈraund/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To spend time idly; to do nothing in particular.
      A1
      More
    • sovereign

      US /ˈsɑ:vrən/

      UK /ˈsɒvrɪn/

      • Countable Noun
      • King, queen, emperor etc. of a country
      B2
      More
    • stay in

      US /ste ɪn/

      UK /stei in/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To remain inside one's home.
      • Intransitive Verb
      • To remain as an inpatient in a hospital.
      More
    • talking about

      US

      UK

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To discuss a particular topic.
      • To be constantly mentioning or bringing up a subject.
      A1
      More
    • think about

      US /θɪŋk əˈbaʊt/

      UK /θiŋk əˈbaut/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To consider something carefully.
      • To remember or call to mind.
      A1
      More
    • threat

      US /θrɛt/

      UK /θret/

      • Noun
      • Warning of probable trouble
      • A warning that you may be harmed
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • tough

      US /tʌf/

      UK /tʌf/

      • Adjective
      • (Of food) difficult to chew or bite through
      • Very difficult to do or deal with
      • Noun
      • A rough and aggressive person.
      A2
      More
    • trade

      US /treid/

      UK /treɪd/

      • Noun (Countable/Uncountable)
      • A specific industry, e.g. shoe making
      • Action of buying and selling things in business
      • Transitive Verb
      • To buy, sell and exchange goods in business
      • To give something in return for something else
      A2TOEIC
      More
    • turkey

      US /ˈtɜ:rki/

      UK /ˈtɜ:ki/

      • Countable Noun
      • Edible bird resembling a large chicken
      • Noun
      • An event that fails badly or is totally ineffectual
      • Flesh of large domesticated fowl usually roasted
      C1
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    • walk away

      US /wɔk əˈwe/

      UK /wɔ:k əˈwei/

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To leave a situation, especially a difficult or unpleasant one.
      • To choose not to be involved in something.
      A1
      More
    • western countries

      US

      UK

      • Noun (plural)
      • Countries generally located in Europe and North America, characterized by democratic governments and capitalist economies.
      • Nations that share similar cultural values, including individualism, secularism, and a focus on human rights.
      B1
      More
    • wind up

      US //ˈwaɪndˌʌp//

      UK //ˈwaɪndˌʌp//

      • Phrasal Verb
      • To be brought to a state of great tension
      • To close or finalize something
      • Verb (Transitive/Intransitive)
      • To arrive or end up in a particular state, situation, or place, especially unintentionally.
      • To bring something to an end; to conclude or finish something.
      A1
      More
    • with respect to

      US /wɪð rɪˈspɛkt tu/

      UK /wið risˈpekt tu:/

      • Preposition
      • In relation to; regarding.
      • Phrase
      • In relation to; concerning.
      A1
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    She took a brave step forward, leaving behind her comfort zone to chase her dreams.

    Vocabulary
    • brave

      adj. Having courage

    • comfort zone

      phr. A familiar situation where one feels safe

    Explanation
    a brave step is a noun phrase, where brave is an adjective modifying the noun step, meaning "a courageous step". forward is an adverb modifying step, meaning "ahead". The whole phrase serves as the object, answering the "what" of took (verb) — she took a brave step forward.

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    brave

    US/brev/
    UK/breɪv/
    adj.Brave
    v.t.To bravely face
    A2 Elementary

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    #russia#oil#russian#iran#trump#ukraine

    What's in a US Senate draft bill to impose stiff sanctions on Russia and its trading partners?

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    林宜悉 posted on 2025/06/17
    Ever wondered how sanctions really work? This video dives deep into a US Senate draft bill targeting Russia and its partners, explaining complex terms like 'Secondary Sanctions' and 'Escrow Accounts'. You'll boost your knowledge of geopolitical analysis and pick up some advanced vocabulary along the way!

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