It is only through enlightenment that this scourge can be wiped out.

They both smoke pot. That's jive talk for marijuana

People who push drugs must be put in jail for a minimum of 50 years.

Someone caught, even with a small amount, can be sent to prison.

President Carter today came out for an end to all federal criminal

penalties for the possession of up to one ounce of marijuana.

Marijuana could very well be the most dangerous threats to an entire

generation of Americans of any drug that we know.

I experimented with marijuana at the time or two, and I didn't like it and

didn't inhale and never tried it again.

Sentiment about cannabis in the U.S.

is tied up in feelings about public health, race, crime and morality.

And that complicated relationship makes the rapid change in public

sentiment toward decriminalizing and legalizing the drug even more

surprising. Every ballot initiative involving the decriminalization or

legalization of marijuana passed in the 2020 election.

Voters in New Jersey, Arizona and South Dakota chose to legalize marijuana

for adult recreational use.

South Dakota and Mississippi voted to legalize medical marijuana use.

That means 15 states, along with the District of Columbia, have legalized

marijuana for adult recreational use.

And 36 states and D.C.

permit medical use of the drug.

Now, a third of the country lives in a state where medical marijuana is

legal, with eight Republican senators representing legal cannabis states.

Additionally, the Democratic controlled House of Representatives just

passed the Marijuana Opportunity, Reinvestment and Expungement Act or the

MORE Act. The bill would legalize marijuana at the federal level and

implement sweeping regulations and reforms surrounding the drug.

The 2020 election and the House vote reveals something important about the

shift in the marijuana debate.

Marijuana may be one of the few truly bipartisan issues in the United

States right now, with 91 percent of Americans saying it should be legal

for medical use, including nearly six in 10 Americans favoring

legalization for both medical and recreational use.

Despite the long road marijuana had in the U.S..

Legalization advocates think the government may be on its way to be

scheduling the drug after 50 years of it being criminalized at the federal

level. Here's how the U.S.

ended up with a web of contradictory marijuana policy and where the law

might be headed from here.

There has been a lengthy history of cannabis in the United States that has

generally followed two tracks, medical and recreational.

By the late eighteen hundreds, there were a wide number of medicinal uses

for cannabis. People used it as a pain reliever to treat nausea and even

to soothe the gums of teething babies.

Its role as a recreational substance is about 100, 120 years old when

migrants fleeing the dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz in Mexico came to the

U.S. and started settling along the U.S.

Mexico border.

The migrants were able to recognize cannabis use as a recreational

substance, which was very different than how Americans had been using the

drug. And of course, this becomes immediately an issue because it is a

minority population that is currently being demonized during this period.

Nearly every state west of the Mississippi River past anti marijuana

legislation, and by 1933, about 30 states had outlawed marijuana for

non-medical use.

Congress passed the first federal law that addressed recreational marijuana

use in 1937 called the Marijuana Tax Act.

It didn't specifically outlaw cannabis.

Instead, it required anyone who grew distributed or used marijuana to

register with the federal government and pay a small tax.

What essentially that allowed the federal government to do was to collect

the names and identifying information of everyone who is involved in the

cannabis trade, making it easier to keep an eye on them and essentially

allow the government to survey their activities.

In the 1940s, World War II made hemp patriotic.

The military needed it to create rope and other useful materials.

With the end of the war, measures to crack down on weed ramped up again.

And with the counterculture of the 60s, it became a symbol of protest.

When Richard Nixon entered the Oval Office in 1969, he made drug

prohibition one of his main priorities, culminating in the Controlled

Substances Act of 1970, which created a scheduling system for drugs.

The system is based on two criteria the drugs, medicinal value and the

drug's potential for abuse.

Schedule one drugs are considered to have no medical value and high

potential for abuse.

The legislation gave the control of determining which schedule drugs

should fall under to Nixon's attorney general, John Mitchell, rather than

to a doctor such as the surgeon general.

When Nixon and Mitchell, both of whom were adamantly opposed to marijuana

use because they saw it tied to the counterculture civil rights movement

and the uprisings of the 60s when they tried to put cannabis into Schedule

one, they had a hard time convincing Congress that that was where it

should go in order to reach an agreement with Congress.

They said they would form a commission to study marijuana in the U.S..

Nixon and Mitchell subsequently classified marijuana as a Schedule One

drug alongside heroin, LSD and ecstasy, while the commission, which came

to be known as the Shafer Commission, set about studying marijuana.

The report ended up contradicting that decision, determining after a two

year examination of marijuana users that the drug did not cause the

concerned side effects such as a lack of motivation or increased

aggression. Nixon refused to accept these findings and kept marijuana

classified as a Schedule one drug.

But the commission's report didn't go unnoticed.

It became available to the public, and many activists took it upon

themselves to work to decriminalize the drug at the state level.

Between 1973 and 1978, a dozen states across the country decriminalize

marijuana, essentially making possession of up to an ounce of cannabis,

the equivalent of a parking violation.

But the decriminalization came to a crashing halt in 1978 when concerned

parents began pushing back.

As decriminalization spread across the country, so too did additional

industries that aided in the consumption of this decriminalized drug

paraphernalia magazines, movies, music.

So a lot of the products were available to children.

And that was the crux of the problem.

In the late 90s, public sentiment surrounding marijuana use began to turn.

In 1996, California became the first state to legalize cannabis for medical

use, and in 2012, Colorado and Washington became the first states to

legalize marijuana for adult recreational use.

15 states and D.C.

have followed suit since then, culminating in the major wins for the

legalization movement in 2020.

The conflict between federal and state laws pose challenges to cannabis

businesses operating legally at the state level.

One of the biggest issues for businesses is a lack of access to banking

services, as well as the inability to get loans.

Anyone running a legal cannabis business, according to state law, is still

considered a criminal at the federal level.

That means banks, including state chartered ones, are at risk of federal

regulators deciding that the financial institutions are violating money

laundering laws. This means multimillion dollar businesses have to

function largely as cash only enterprises.

A big shift for the cannabis industry came when the Justice Department in

2013 issued what is referred to as the Cole memorandum.

The memorandum provided a set of criteria for states operating

recreational and medical cannabis programs, such as preventing diversion

to the black market and protecting minors and other vulnerable populations

from accessing cannabis products.

The Department of Justice had a policy that if states could meet these

standards, it would not enforce federal marijuana law in those states.

In January 2018, Attorney General Jeff Sessions during President Donald

Trump's administration rescinded the Cole memorandum.

After the recession of the Cole memorandum, every single U.S.

attorney in each state actually still abided by that same criteria that

was included in the Cole memorandum because it was good policy and it made

sense and it just wasn't feasible to enforce federal

law in the way that anyone in the Trump administration had threatened to

do. The criminalization of cannabis has led to a large number of people

being charged and incarcerated for possession or trafficking of the drug.

Pew Research Center found after analyzing data from the FBI that four in 10

U.S. drug arrests in 2018 were for marijuana offenses.

A 2020 ACLU analysis of FBI crime data found that despite an increasing

number of states legalizing or decriminalizing marijuana, law enforcement

made at least half a million marijuana arrests in 2018, more than for any

other drug. The report also found that Black Americans were nearly four

times more likely than white Americans to be arrested for marijuana

possession, despite the two groups using the drug at the same rates.

Between 2010 and 2018, marijuana arrests in the United States trended

downward slightly but rebounded at several points.

As of 2018, the national downward trend appears to have leveled off, even

as the number of states that have legalized or decriminalize marijuana has

increased. Maritza Perez is the national affairs director for the Drug

Policy Alliance, a nonprofit that advocates for complete legalization of

marijuana. It continues to be one of the main drivers of drug arrest -

marijuana possession, that is, and marijuana use.

It continues to be a driver of deportations.

So it's a major criminal justice issue that really has lifelong

consequences for people with convictions.

But some have expressed concerns around legalization for recreational use.

Kevin Sabet is the president and CEO of Smart Approaches to Marijuana, a

nonprofit organization that opposes the commercialization and non-medical

legalization of marijuana.

So I think there's been a false dichotomy over the last 20 or 30 years that

pits legalization against incarceration or the war on drugs, as if those

were the only two options we have for drug policy or for marijuana policy.

And I think the reality is there are far more innovative, cost effective,

interesting policies that frankly are much more in the middle and don't

fall into the trappings of either, you know, criminalizing especially

certain groups that are disproportionately affected or on the other hand,

glamorizing, normalizing and commercializing today's very high, potent

marijuana, you know, sold by Big Tobacco, Big Alcohol and Big Pharma.

And we all sort of know how that movie ends with those industries.

Why would we want to have marijuana follow the same suits?

We think that in order to really have a framework around drug policy that's

built in equity, you need to account for the legalization component

because legalization often means that you're regulating the drug.

So decriminalization is great at the start.

But, you know, I think full legalization is really how we get issues

surrounding equity. I personally believe our goal should be to discourage

use, not encourage use.

It's hard to discourage use if there's a pot shop on every corner and

selling really nicely looking glamorous items that promise the world in

terms of how they make you feel, etc..

I think people need to realize that the interest that big tobacco and big

alcohol have in the marijuana industry.

This isn't about Cheech and Chong or mom and pop stores.

This is about a major industry that is being taken over by the alcohol

industry and by the tobacco industry.

So I just don't see how this is going to be helpful for anybody when these

big interests take over.

The needle has moved enough on public opinion that the House of

Representatives made the historic move toward legalizing marijuana at the

federal level with the passage of the more act, the more act would not

only remove marijuana from the list of controlled substances, but would

also address criminal justice reform by allowing the expungement and

resentencing of marijuana convictions.

The legislation would also tax the marijuana industry in order to fund

social programs that would invest resources into communities that have

been most impacted by marijuana prohibition.

And the taxes would also provide support to underrepresented communities

trying to enter the cannabis industry.

Even if marijuana legalization and decriminalization seem like bipartisan

issues at the ballot box, Republican and Democratic lawmakers in

Washington still seem far apart on the issue.

The MORE act passed in the House along party lines, with five Republicans

voting in favor of the bill and six Democrats voting against it.

To me, I don't really take that as an indicator of, you know, Republicans

being against the policy itself.

I think a lot of them behind closed doors will say that they think that we

need to legalize marijuana.

I think the problem with many Republicans in terms of MORE Act

specifically, they are reluctant to impose a five percent and then eight

percent tax. And then there are various aspects of the bill that they