But if you could loop back to visit the universe at an earlier point in time, a famous paradox arises.

What if you killed your grandfather when he was a child?

Then your father or mother wouldn't have been born, so you wouldn't have been born,

so you wouldn't have been able to go back in time to kill your grandfather in the first place.

Paradox.

The simplest resolution to the grandfather paradox is that when you go back in time, you're actually not going back into your own history but to a copy,

and everything you do there influences the new alternate future of that universe, not your own past.

But that's boring, because it just avoids the paradox.

If what you do when you go back in time actually influences your own past, and the effects of your time travel do loop back to the present... future... past – no problem.

Let's just follow the paradoxical timeline through beyond its paradoxical conclusion.

You go back in time, kill your grandfather, thus you aren't born so you can't go back in time,

thus your grandfather isn't killed, thus you are born, so you go back in time and kill your grandfather, and so on...

I'm showing this as a looping linear series of events, but really it's two entangled histories happening in parallel.

Is that even possible?

Well, I don't know about the time travel part, but subatomic particles regularly do multiple different things in parallel.

It's called quantum superposition, and is responsible for the weirdness of the double slit experiment, many properties of atoms and molecules, fusion in the sun's core, and so on.

So if the universe were to exist in a superposition of two states – your grandfather is alive and your grandfather is dead – then the natural result is a superposition of two states:

you're born and able to go back in time to kill your grandfather, and you're not born.

And the natural result of these is a superposition of two states: your grandfather is dead, and your grandfather is alive.

And so, at least from a logical perspective, this looping timeline is entirely consistent and there's no paradox.

And a similar paradox-free solution can be obtained by viewing the problem as a steady-state solution to a Markov chain – but I won't go into that here.

Now of course nothing about these solutions to the grandfather paradox suggests that closed time loops are actually possible.

In fact, some of the implications this kind of time loop have in the study of complexity theory seem to suggest that time loops, and thus time travel into the past, must be impossible.

But the main point is sometimes we think a situation creates a paradox when it doesn't,

and really the only paradox is how our thinking can be twisted enough to dream up time-traveling murderous grandsons, but not twisted enough to think about twisting time.

I want to say a big thank you to Google for supporting this video.

Science for me is all about curiosity, asking questions and trying to find answers.

Google has always been one of the first places that I go when I have a question and want an answer— I'm sure it's the same for you!

So I'd like to thank them for supporting this video, which hopefully will be an answer to other people's future questions.

Just love being outside on a beautiful day!