Reduced means the who in the verb is missing Or are they?

Yes, they are.

Let's take a look at number one.

I was awakened by wolves howling.

Well, what's this?

I n g?

Well, that's a reduced relative clause.

Listen, I was awakened by wolves, which were howling.

Now, why is it that we can get rid of the which were and it still makes sense?

Well, because the wolves were howling and this is a continuous verb tense.

This idea of they continued howling, we can make it into a reduced adjective clause as I've got here.

Yeah, number two.

Same thing.

Except in this case, this one is passive.

None of the people injured in the accident can leave the hospital in this in this one.

The people who were injured who were is missing.

And since this is a passive idea, the accident injured them.

Uh, we can leave out the who were not necessary.

So that's another reduced relative clause, another one that can go into a reduced relative clause.

The verb there is there are, and I put them in questions here.

Two examples.

One of them's with a part of the present participle wandering.

Are there dogs which are wandering around outside?

And the last one is there a car which is parked?

There's no which is and there are or which are wandering around outside.

So in in number three, we have the verb there is There are that can work with the reduce relative Clause Number two can work with a reduced relative clause because it's a passive.

And in number one, it could be a reduced relative clause because it is a continuous Ferb.

Imagine these wolves howling for many minutes and they woke me up.

Now, an interesting thing about these reduced relative clauses you could take that participle and put it up in here.

Take a look at this.

I was awakened by howling wolves that works just fine.

None of the people Sorry.

None of the injured people can leave the hospital.

That makes perfect sense to make these participles into adjectives.

And this one are there wandering dogs outside.

And finally, is there a parked car next to mine?

So that's one test for these.

You can try it either way and see if that reduced relative clause can just become an adjective as well.

So it works like that.