(Laughter)

I've been thinking about that a lot the last few years,

and I know I have company.

Look, I get it --

people of color have been asking that question for centuries.

But I think a growing number of white folks are too,

given what's been going on out there

in our country.

And notice I said, "What's up with us white people?"

because right now, I'm not talking about those white people,

the ones with the swastikas and the hoods and the tiki torches.

They are a problem and a threat.

They perpetrate most of the terrorism in our country,

as you all in Charlottesville know better than most.

But I'm talking about something bigger and more pervasive.

I'm talking about all of us,

white folks writ large.

And maybe, especially, people sort of like me,

self-described progressive,

don't want to be racist.

Good white people.

(Laughter)

Any good white people in the room?

(Laughter)

I was raised to be that sort of person.

I was a little kid in the '60s and '70s,

and to give you some sense of my parents:

actual public opinion polls at the time

showed that only a small minority, about 20 percent of white Americans,

approved and supported

Martin Luther King and his work with the civil rights movement

while Dr. King was still alive.

I'm proud to say my parents were in that group.

Race got talked about in our house.

And when the shows that dealt with race would come on the television,

they would sit us kids down, made sure we watched:

the Sidney Poitier movies, "Roots" ...

The message was loud and clear,

and I got it:

racism is wrong; racists are bad people.

At the same time,

we lived in a very white place in Minnesota.

And I'll just speak for myself,

I think that allowed me to believe that those white racists on the TV screen

were being beamed in from some other place.

It wasn't about us, really.

I did not feel implicated.

Now, I would say, I'm still in recovery from that early impression.

I got into journalism

in part because I cared about things like equality and justice.

For a long time, racism was just such a puzzle to me.

Why is it still with us when it's so clearly wrong?

Why such a persistent force?

Maybe I was puzzled because I wasn't yet looking in the right place

or asking the right questions.

Have you noticed

that when people in our mostly white media

report on what they consider to be racial issues,

what we consider to be racial issues,

what that usually means is that we're pointing our cameras

and our microphones and our gaze

at people of color,

asking questions like,

"How are Black folks or Native Americans, Latino or Asian Americans,

how are they doing?"

in a given community or with respect to some issue --

the economy, education.

I've done my share of that kind of journalism

over many years.

But then George Zimmerman killed Trayvon Martin,

followed by this unending string of high-profile police shootings

of unarmed Black people,

the rise of the Black Lives Matter movement,

Dylann Roof and the Charleston massacre,

#OscarsSoWhite --

all the incidents from the day-to-day of American life,

these overtly racist incidents

that we now get to see because they're captured on smartphones

and sent across the internet.

And beneath those visible events,

the stubborn data,

the studies showing systemic racism in every institution we have:

housing segregation, job discrimination,

the deeply racialized inequities in our schools

and criminal justice system.

And what really did it for me,

and I know I'm not alone in this, either:

the rise of Donald Trump

and the discovery that a solid majority of white Americans

would embrace or at least accept

such a raw, bitter kind of white identity politics.

This was all disturbing to me as a human being.

As a journalist, I found myself turning the lens around,

thinking,

"Wow, white folks are the story.

Whiteness is a story,"

And also thinking, "Can I do that?

What would a podcast series about whiteness sound like?"

(Laughter)

"And oh, by the way -- this could get uncomfortable."

I had seen almost no journalism that looked deeply at whiteness,

but, of course, people of color and especially Black intellectuals

have made sharp critiques of white supremacist culture

for centuries,

and I knew that in the last two or three decades,

scholars had done interesting work

looking at race through the frame of whiteness,

what it is, how we got it, how it works in the world.

I started reading,

and I reached out to some leading experts on race and the history of race.

One of the first questions I asked was,

"Where did this idea of being a white person

come from in the first place?"

Science is clear.

We are one human race.

We're all related,

all descended from a common ancestor in Africa.

Some people walked out of Africa into colder, darker places

and lost a lot of their melanin,

some of us more than others.

(Laughter)

But genetically, we are all 99.9 percent the same.

There's more genetic diversity within what we call racial groups

than there is between racial groups.

There's no gene for whiteness or blackness or Asian-ness

or what have you.

So how did this happen?

How did we get this thing?

How did racism start?

I think if you had asked me to speculate on that,

in my ignorance, some years ago,

I probably would have said,

"Well, I guess somewhere back in deep history,

people encountered one another,

and they found each other strange.

'Your skin is a different color, your hair is different,

you dress funny.

I guess I'll just go ahead and jump to the conclusion

that since you're different

that you're somehow less than me,

and maybe that makes it OK for me to mistreat you.'"

Right?

Is that something like what we imagine or assume?

And under that kind of scenario,

it's all a big, tragic misunderstanding.

But it seems that's wrong.

First of all, race is a recent invention.

It's just a few hundred years old.

Before that, yes, people divided themselves

by religion, tribal group, language,

things like that.

But for most of human history,

people had no notion of race.

In Ancient Greece, for example --

and I learned this from the historian Nell Irvin Painter --

the Greeks thought they were better than the other people they knew about,

but not because of some idea that they were innately superior.

They just thought that they'd developed the most advanced culture.

So they looked around at the Ethiopians,

but also the Persians and the Celts,

and they said, "They're all kind of barbaric compared to us.

Culturally, they're just not Greek."

And yes, in the ancient world, there was lots of slavery,

but people enslaved people who didn't look like them,

and they often enslaved people who did.

Did you know that the English word "slave" is derived from the word "Slav"?

Because Slavic people were enslaved by all kinds of folks,

including Western Europeans,

for centuries.

Slavery wasn't about race either,

because no one had thought up race yet.

So who did?

I put that question to another leading historian,

Ibram Kendi.

I didn't expect he would answer the question

in the form of one person's name and a date,

as if we were talking about the light bulb.

(Laughter)

But he did.

(Laughter)

He said, in his exhaustive research,

he found what he believed to be the first articulation of racist ideas.

And he named the culprit.

This guy should be more famous,

or infamous.

His name is Gomes de Zurara.

Portuguese man.

Wrote a book in the 1450s

in which he did something that no one had ever done before,

according to Dr. Kendi.

He lumped together all the people of Africa --

a vast, diverse continent --

and he described them as a distinct group,

inferior and beastly.

Never mind that in that precolonial time

some of the most sophisticated cultures in the world were in Africa.

Why would this guy make this claim?

Turns out, it helps to follow the money.

First of all, Zurara was hired to write that book

by the Portuguese king,

and just a few years before,

slave traders --

here we go --

slave traders tied to the Portuguese crown

had effectively pioneered the Atlantic slave trade.

They were the first Europeans to sail directly to sub-Saharan Africa

to kidnap and enslave African people.

So it was suddenly really helpful

to have a story about the inferiority of African people

to justify this new trade

to other people, to the church,

to themselves.

And with the stroke of a pen,

Zurara invented both blackness and whiteness,

because he basically created the notion of blackness

through this description of Africans,

and as Dr. Kendi says,

blackness has no meaning without whiteness.

Other European countries followed the Portuguese lead

in looking to Africa for human property and free labor

and in adopting this fiction

about the inferiority of African people.

I found this clarifying.

Racism didn't start with a misunderstanding,

it started with a lie.

Meanwhile, over here in colonial America,

the people now calling themselves white got busy taking these racist ideas

and turning them into law,

laws that stripped all human rights from the people they were calling Black

and locking them into our particularly vicious brand of chattel slavery,

and laws that gave even the poorest white people benefits,

not big benefits in material terms

but the right to not be enslaved for life,

the right to not have your loved ones torn from your arms and sold,

and sometimes real goodies.

The handouts of free land in places like Virginia

to white people only

started long before the American Revolution

and continued long after.

Now, I can imagine

there would be people listening to me -- if they're still listening --

who might be thinking,

"Come on, this is all ancient history. Why does this matter?

Things have changed.

Can't we just get over it and move on?"

Right?

But I would argue, for me certainly,

learning this history has brought a real shift

in the way that I understand racism today.

To review, two quick takeaways from what I've said so far:

one, race is not a thing biologically,

it's a story some people decided to tell;

and two, people told that story

to justify the brutal exploitation of other human beings for profit.