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B2 High-Intermediate US 77 Folder Collection
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Although everybody forgets, excessive forgetting
can be a sign of a more serious problem.
Dementia is the term for a decline
in memory and other cognitive functions
that gets to the point of interfering with daily life.
Dementia results from excessive damage
to brain tissue, which can be from multiple strokes
or other causes.
The most common form of dementia is Alzheimer's disease, or AD.
Now, the exact cause of AD is still unknown,
but we do know that in people with AD,
their neurons die off over time.
As people with AD lose their neurons and synapses,
their cerebral cortex shrinks in size.
The earliest symptoms of AD are memory loss, specifically
the inability to encode or retrieve recent memories.
Subsequent problems include difficulty
with attention, planning, semantic memory,
and abstract thinking.
As the disease progresses, more severe language difficulties
may appear, as well as greater memory loss,
such as the inability to recognize close family
and friends.
As the disease continues to progress, people with AD
may experience emotional instability and loss of control
over their bodily functions.
While there are many theories as to the exact cause
of the disease, a definitive answer is still unknown,
and the disease is terminal.
We do know that people with AD experience
a buildup of proteins called amyloid plaques in the brain,
but how or why those plaques start to build up
and exactly what role they play in the disease is still
uncertain.
Another neurological disorder affecting memory
is Korsakoff's syndrome, which is
caused by a lack of vitamin B1, or thiamine, in the brain.
This disorder is strongly linked to severe malnutrition,
eating disorders, or especially alcoholism,
because these groups often don't ingest or are
unable to process all the nutrients their bodies need,
including thiamine.
Thiamine is important because it's
responsible for converting carbohydrates
into the glucose your cells need for energy,
and it's especially important for the normal functioning
of your neurons.
At first, a person developing Korsakoff's syndrome
might have damage to certain parts of the brain,
resulting in poor balance, abnormal eye movements,
mild confusion, and/or memory loss.
At this stage, it's actually called
Wernicke's encephalopathy, which is
the precursor to Korsakoff's syndrome.
If Wernicke's encephalopathy is diagnosed in time,
then it's possible to reverse the damage,
or at least prevent more of it.
If untreated, however, the disease
will progress into full-blown Korsakoff's syndrome.
The main symptom of Korsakoff's syndrome is severe memory loss,
and this symptom is often accompanied by confabulation,
which is when the patient makes up stories,
sometimes to fill in the gaps in his or her memory.
Unlike AD, Korsakoff's syndrome is not necessarily progressive.
If diagnosed and treated, people can get better.
People are often treated with thiamine injections
or other medication, and they have
to stay on a healthy diet and abstain from alcohol.
And some people may also need to re-learn some things.
The effectiveness of this treatment
really depends on how early the disease is diagnosed
and how well the patient follows the treatment guidelines.
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B2 High-Intermediate US

Alzheimer's disease and Korsakoff's syndrome | Processing the Environment | MCAT | Khan Academy

77 Folder Collection
Amy.Lin published on July 19, 2020

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