Vocabulary

• talking about: To discuss a particular topic.
• in the world: Used to emphasize a question expressing surprise, confusion, disbelief
• back then: At that time in the past.
• at that time: During a specific point in the past.
• of course: Sure ; Certainly
• out of the question: Impossible; not worth discussing.
• as we know it: In the form or way commonly understood or accepted.
• out there: In or to a place that is far away
• ancient history: The study of the distant past, from the earliest humans through the first great civilizations.
• on top of that: In addition to something already mentioned; furthermore.
• look at: To use your eyes to focus on something
• catch up: To become equal with another person
• for example: As an illustration or instance.
• off of: From a position on something; down from.
• for instance: As an example.
• in fact: Used to emphasize the truth of a statement, especially one that contrasts with or contradicts something else.
• come to think of it: Used when you suddenly remember or realize something, often leading to a change in perspective or a new thought.
• think of: To look on as (being something specific); consider
• period: Set amount of time during which events take place
• basically: Used before you explain something simply, clearly
• ancient: Very old; having lived a very long time ago
• common: Area in a city or town that is open to everyone
• brag: To speak too proudly about yourself
• reflect: To indicate or be a sign of something
• continent: Very large piece of land, e.g. Africa or Asia
• arguably: Highly likely to be true but not certainly true
• judge: Person who decides on the results of a contest
• ancestor: A person from your family that lived in the past
• virtue: Benefit, advantage, or good result of something
• advance: Forward movement by an army
• giant: Tall, large, and powerful human-like creatures
• democratic: (Of government) giving the people power, a vote
• institute: Organization studying science, engineering etc.
• equal: Same in shape, size, or number
• surgery: Medical operation involving cutting into body
• civilization: A highly developed society
• extinct: (Of animal, etc.) having died out; with none left
• urban: Concerning a city; located in a city
• monopoly: Complete market control for a service or product
• social: Involving activity with people, e.g. in free time
• appear: To be seen, become visible; come into sight
• decipher: To uncover the meaning of something hard to read
• limit: Point beyond which it is not possible to go
• century: Period of 100 years
• ever: At any time; at all times in the future
• system: Set of organized, planned ideas that work together
• colossal: Being extremely large in size or amount
• crash: To damage an object by causing it to hit something
• bucket: Open container with a handle used to carry liquids
• wealthy: Having a great quantity of money or property
• collide: To come together or crash with a lot of force
• last: Final; with nothing following; after all others
• comfy: In a position that feels just right
• jaw: One of the two bones of the face where teeth grow
• heat: State of anger, excitement, or arguing
• derive: To come from another thing
• hard: Difficult to do; difficult to understand
• revolve: To move something in a circular motion
• anesthesia: Loss of bodily sensation with or without loss of consciousness
• mining: To place a bomb in the ground or the sea
• arrange: To write music for a particular instrument
• world: All the humans, events, activities on the earth
• steadily: At a steady rate or pace; reliably; constantly
• share: Part-ownership in a property, business or company
• life: All the living things e.g. animals, plants, humans
• found: To become aware of something that is happening
• guru: An inspirational teacher or spiritual guide
• surgical: Of or relating to surgery or operations
• convenience: Quality of being easy to do or saving time
• calculate: To find an answer using mathematics
• astronomy: Study of stars and other bodies in space
• continental: Of or typical of the culture of mainland Europe
• outstanding: Being better/distinct from others; specially good
• drainage: Process of removing water or liquid from something
• dealer: Someone who buys things to sell to others
• neighbor: Person who lives, or is near, you
• encyclopedia: Reference book of information about many subjects
• historian: Someone who studies the course of history
• shampoo: Substance used to wash the hair
• massage: Rubbing neck, back etc., to relieve pain/to relax
• knead: To press (dough or clay) to make a uniform mixture
• civilize: To teach people how to behave properly