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  • >> There's this grievance that's

  • eating away at Vladimir Putin.

  • >> The FBI detected more

  • attempts...

  • >> Russian hackers are behind

  • those attacks.

  • >> NARRATOR: America in the

  • crosshairs.

  • >> This is the first time they

  • have gone out and weaponized

  • that information.

  • >> He's going to employ whatever

  • means he can to undermine the

  • United States.

  • >> NARRATOR: Tonight on

  • "Frontline," in a special

  • two-part investigation, the epic

  • inside story of "Putin's

  • Revenge."

  • >> We are now only a few days

  • away from electing the next

  • president of the United

  • States...

  • >> ...turning its attention

  • back to the election...

  • >> ...with the election just

  • days away...

  • >> NARRATOR: Election Day 2016.

  • As Americans headed to the

  • polls, U.S. intelligence

  • agencies were on high alert.

  • >> ...making the urgent push to

  • get out the vote.

  • >> Well, in the days before the

  • election, there was constant

  • interaction between the experts

  • at C.I.A., FBI, and NSA.

  • We were monitoring and using our

  • collection capabilities to

  • understand what the Russians

  • might have up their sleeve at

  • the 11th hour.

  • >> Breaking news here: Wikileaks

  • is about to release

  • "significant material tied to

  • Hillary Clinton."

  • >> The campaign is doing damage

  • control tonight after Wikileaks

  • released...

  • >> NARRATOR: The intelligence

  • agencies had been tracking a

  • multi-pronged effort to

  • influence voters: leaks of

  • hacked emails; ads on Facebook

  • and Google; on social media,

  • trolls and bots spreading fake

  • news-- all, they believed,

  • connected to Russian President

  • Vladimir Putin.

  • >> This was the most aggressive

  • and most direct and most

  • assertive campaign that the

  • Russians ever mounted in the

  • history of our elections.

  • And what characterized this

  • were the variety and intensity

  • of the techniques that they

  • employed.

  • >> NARRATOR: Now they detected

  • what they call O.P.E.--

  • operational preparation of the

  • environment.

  • >> The Russians will map the

  • architecture and the

  • environment of their targets.

  • >> NARRATOR: The target: state

  • electoral systems, registration

  • databases, voter information.

  • >> I'll never forget one day,

  • John Brennan said to me, "I'm

  • going to come brief you."

  • Now, it was not often that the

  • C.I.A. director, by himself,

  • came to DHS to meet with me, by

  • myself, to share intelligence.

  • >> NARRATOR: Brennan had told

  • Johnson the cyber-intrusions,

  • traced to Russia, could be the

  • first step in a plan to directly

  • interfere with voting.

  • >> The thing that immediately

  • has to come to you is, "Hey,

  • somebody might be trying to

  • eliminate from the rolls voters

  • in key states, in key precincts

  • through a very targeted, careful

  • effort."

  • You could really do a lot of

  • damage.

  • >> ...Going to the polls,

  • casting their ballots...

  • >> History will be made today...

  • >> NARRATOR: Inside the

  • administration, the question:

  • Just how far would Putin go?

  • >> I didn't know if the Russians

  • were going to do anything at

  • all.

  • And I thought if they did, it

  • clearly would be a sign that

  • Putin had authorized an

  • aggressive assault against this

  • country that to me would have

  • been tantamount to, to war.

  • ♪ ♪

  • >> NARRATOR: It would be

  • Vladimir Putin's revenge for a

  • lifetime of grievances.

  • >> Mr. Gorbachev, tear down

  • this wall.

  • >> NARRATOR: Reviving the old

  • Cold War with new weapons.

  • >> We have the responsibility to

  • advance freedom and democracy.

  • >> NARRATOR: An epic struggle.

  • >> Everywhere that freedom

  • stirs, let tyrants fear.

  • >> NARRATOR: Between the leader

  • of Russia and American

  • democracy.

  • >> The United States will

  • continue to stand up for

  • democracy and the universal

  • rights that all human beings

  • deserve.

  • (man speaking Russian)

  • >> NARRATOR: The story begins on

  • New Year's Eve 1999.

  • In Moscow, the future of Russia

  • was about to change.

  • With his country in turmoil,

  • President Boris Yeltsin had an

  • announcement to make.

  • >> President Yeltsin rose on

  • immense popularity, his sense of

  • love and admiration, was

  • progressively losing that.

  • >> NARRATOR: Across Russia they

  • tuned in.

  • >> (translated): I have made a

  • decision.

  • I've been thinking about it

  • painfully for a long time.

  • Today, at the last day of the

  • departing century, I am

  • resigning.

  • >> I watched it on December 31.

  • I remember I was crying my eyes

  • out.

  • He just said, "Forgive me for

  • what I haven't managed to

  • achieve."

  • >> (translated): I want to ask

  • your forgiveness, for many of

  • our dreams have not come true.

  • (Yeltsin speaking Russian)

  • And for the things that seemed

  • easy, but turned out to be

  • excruciatingly difficult.

  • >> He gave this absolutely

  • heartbreaking speech.

  • He said that he wished that he

  • had done a better job by the

  • Russian people.

  • And he said, "I'm tired, and I'm

  • leaving."

  • It was... It was impossible not

  • to cry.

  • >> NARRATOR: Yeltsin's final act

  • as president: the father of

  • Russian democracy turned over

  • the country to his little-known

  • prime minister, a former KGB

  • officer.

  • (Yeltsin speaking Russian)

  • >> (translated): I have signed a

  • decree giving the

  • responsibilities of the

  • president of Russia to Prime

  • Minister Vladimir Putin.

  • (man speaking Russian)

  • >> NARRATOR: The new president

  • escorted Yeltsin out of the

  • Kremlin.

  • (speaking Russian)

  • >> (translated): Next to him, a

  • young Putin was standing.

  • And Yeltsin shook his hand.

  • And this famous footage,

  • actually, the whole world saw.

  • And Yeltsin said, "Take care of

  • Russia."

  • Just those words.

  • "Take care of Russia."

  • >> Yeltsin's resignation came as

  • a complete surprise to almost

  • everyone.

  • Even Yeltsin's top ministers

  • didn't know about...

  • >> NARRATOR: From his first days

  • as president, Vladimir Putin was

  • obsessed with creating the

  • appearance of a 21st-century

  • leader.

  • >> ...decision to step down

  • could not have come at a better

  • time for Prime Minister Putin,

  • Yeltsin's choice...

  • >> NARRATOR: He commissioned

  • film and photo shoots.

  • >> He is a man who is obsessed

  • with TV.

  • He watches tapes of the evening

  • news over and over and over

  • again to see how he's portrayed,

  • to see how he looks.

  • (conversation in Russian)

  • >> He wears very good suits like

  • any other Western leader.

  • He speaks fluent German and he

  • understands English.

  • >> NARRATOR: Putin cultivated

  • the image of a reformer and a

  • democrat.

  • >> Russian narrative was the

  • victory of democracy, the

  • triumph of popular will, that

  • sort of thing.

  • So a young guy who speaks a

  • foreign language fits into that

  • narrative as long as you ignore

  • everything else about him.

  • >> NARRATOR: Putin quickly

  • learned how to sell himself with

  • the help of his public relations

  • guru.

  • (man speaking Russian)

  • >> (translated): He began to

  • think that everything can be

  • manipulated.

  • Any kind of press, any TV

  • program is all about

  • manipulation.

  • It was decided what TV channels

  • would show what news.

  • >> NARRATOR: They made sure a

  • dynamic, vital and charismatic

  • Putin was on display for all

  • Russians to see.

  • >> He's healthy.

  • He's young.

  • He's virile.

  • He casts himself as a savior.

  • Temperamentally and in style, he

  • is the anti-Yeltsin.

  • He's bringing back a kind of

  • dignity and strength to the

  • Russian presidency that had been

  • missing under Boris Yeltsin.

  • >> President Clinton arrived in

  • Moscow carrying a message of

  • cooperation...

  • >> NARRATOR: Putin's first test

  • with the United States-- a visit

  • from the American president.

  • Bill Clinton had come to the

  • Kremlin to evaluate Putin for

  • himself.

  • >> President Clinton wanted to

  • get a little bit of a feel.

  • He wanted to meet him in the...

  • in the Kremlin as president.

  • >> Two presidents, one near the

  • end of his term, the other...

  • >> NARRATOR: Putin seemed

  • indifferent to the American

  • president, who had championed

  • Yeltsin and liberalization and

  • expanded NATO.

  • >> Putin conveys a huge amount

  • through body language.

  • He tries to show you that he's

  • the alpha male in the room

  • through the way he spreads his

  • legs, through the way he

  • slouches a bit in his chair,

  • through the way that he will

  • look at people and kind of give

  • them a dismissive hand wave.

  • >> Putin doesn't have much time

  • for him.

  • And this is not what Clinton was

  • used to when it came to Russia.

  • He was used to having somebody

  • he could relate to.

  • And Putin is a cold fish and

  • Clinton didn't respond well to

  • him.

  • >> If Mr. Clinton was hoping

  • for a foreign policy triumph,

  • he won't get it here.

  • >> NARRATOR: Later that day,

  • Clinton received a warmer

  • reception from Boris Yeltsin,

  • and issued a warning about

  • Putin.

  • >> Bill Clinton looked hard into

  • Yeltsin's eyes and said, "I'm a

  • little bit concerned about this

  • young man that you have turned

  • over the presidency to.

  • He doesn't have democracy in his

  • heart."

  • And he reached over and poked

  • him in his heart.

  • And I will never forget the

  • expression that came over

  • Yeltsin.

  • >> NARRATOR: Yeltsin's

  • confidants say by the end of

  • his life, he would come to agree

  • with Clinton.

  • >> Before Boris Yeltsin died, he

  • told intimates that it was a

  • great mistake for him to have

  • selected Putin as his successor.

  • >> NARRATOR: At the Kremlin, in

  • those first months, Clinton's

  • fears were realized.

  • Putin began to centralize his

  • authority.

  • >> He more or less laid out the

  • path that he was going to be

  • taking, which was to reduce

  • democracy, to consolidate

  • authority back into the Kremlin.

  • And he took steps, some of which

  • were small and symbolic, like

  • going back to the Soviet-era

  • anthem.

  • (cheering)

  • (anthem begins)

  • >> ♪ Rossia svyashchennaya

  • nasha derzhava

  • >> NARRATOR: It was Joseph

  • Stalin's national anthem with

  • the words rewritten by one of

  • the original authors.

  • >> What Putin did when he came

  • in was, said, "Okay, I've got a

  • different project.

  • We're going to make"-- if you

  • will, to coin a phrase-- "I'm

  • going to make Russia great

  • again."

  • >> NARRATOR: Behind Putin's

  • vision for Russia-- a

  • resentment, built up over a

  • lifetime of believing his

  • country had been humiliated by

  • the United States.

  • >> There's this resentment,

  • there's this grievance that's

  • eating away at him and it's

  • fundamental to his tenure, this

  • sense of grievance.

  • >> NARRATOR: Putin's project to

  • make Russia great again would

  • lead to conflict with the West

  • and interference in an American

  • election.

  • But the seeds had been planted

  • long before, when Vladimir Putin

  • was a young man.

  • He was trained in the Soviet

  • secret police, the KGB, to see

  • the United States as the enemy.

  • It was drilled into all the

  • officers.

  • >> The KGB was a monopoly that

  • produced violence.

  • It was a monopoly that was

  • responsible for political

  • surveillance on everyday basis

  • of Soviet citizens.

  • Nothing could go without the

  • KGB.

  • >> NARRATOR: Putin's first

  • assignment wasn't undercover

  • espionage; they thought he was

  • better suited to

  • counterintelligence.

  • >> And a counterintelligence

  • officer, right, is somebody for

  • whom conspiracy theories and the

  • enemy within are the job, and

  • rooting those out and carrying

  • that kind of paranoid "everyone

  • might actually always be out to

  • get us."

  • >> NARRATOR: The job was a

  • disappointment.

  • >> He's an unhappy man.

  • He has wanted to be a secret

  • agent all of his life, as long

  • as he can remember.

  • And then he gets posted to East

  • Germany, and not even to

  • Berlin-- to Dresden, which is

  • just such a backwater.

  • (cheering)

  • >> NARRATOR: It was in East

  • Germany that Putin first came

  • face to face with the conflict

  • between the USSR and the United

  • States.

  • >> Mr. Gorbachev, tear down

  • this wall.

  • >> This protest movement may now

  • be reaching a critical moment.

  • >> ...will be a year remembered

  • for Communism's loss of

  • influence in the world.

  • >> Here the feeling is the end

  • of the Cold War is at hand...

  • >> For many people, there is a

  • defining moment in their history

  • when all things after that

  • moment refer back to it in some

  • way.

  • >> From ABC, this is...

  • >> NARRATOR: Lieutenant Colonel

  • Vladimir Putin saw such a moment

  • when the Berlin Wall came

  • down...

  • >> They are here in the

  • thousands, they are here in the

  • tens of thousands.

  • >> NARRATOR: ...marking the

  • waning power of the Soviet

  • Union.

  • (man speaking Russian)

  • >> Putin sees that this thing

  • that had always seemed to be

  • glued together well, seemed to

  • be impervious, that had gone

  • from generation to generation of

  • change in the top party

  • officials, seemed to be a

  • rock....

  • >> ...only one battle in a...

  • >> It was starting to crumble

  • before his eyes.

  • >> 1989 will be a year

  • remembered for Communism's loss

  • of influence in the world.

  • >> Mr. Putin joined Russian

  • intelligence during their

  • waning days, in the latter years

  • of the Cold War, when they

  • really felt aggrieved and the

  • much lesser power than the

  • United States.

  • So I think that just reinforced

  • some of his feelings of

  • insecurity.

  • >> ...say they will never return

  • to Communism and promise free

  • democratic elections...

  • >> NARRATOR: The protests spread

  • to Dresden.

  • The angry crowds marched on the

  • German secret police, the Stasi

  • headquarters, then Putin's KGB

  • building.

  • It would be the first time Putin

  • confronted a group of

  • protesters.

  • >> He calls Moscow, trying to

  • understand what he is to do,

  • trying to get orders.

  • And Moscow doesn't respond.

  • >> NARRATOR: A Soviet military

  • officer told him, "Moscow is

  • silent."

  • >> And this is a massive,

  • massive trauma for him, that

  • this massive historical event is

  • happening.

  • Soviet influence is collapsing

  • before his eyes.

  • And he calls home.

  • He radios home, and home isn't

  • there.

  • >> Freedom and democracy are

  • coming to parts of Eastern

  • Europe and a rusty Iron Curtain

  • is beginning to come down.

  • (cheering and whistling)

  • >> NARRATOR: By the time Putin

  • returned to Russia, the USSR was

  • falling apart.

  • Even in front of the KGB

  • headquarters, the statues were

  • coming down.

  • >> For many people, this was in

  • a time of great excitement and

  • enablement and experimentation

  • with democracy, and Vladimir

  • Putin missed this.

  • >> NARRATOR: The American

  • president, George H.W.

  • Bush, declared it a triumph.

  • >> This is a victory for

  • democracy and freedom.

  • It's a victory for the moral

  • force of our values.

  • >> NARRATOR: But to Putin, the

  • end of the Soviet Union was a

  • humiliation.

  • >> The quote that he said once

  • that really was so revealing,

  • that the collapse of the Soviet

  • Union was the greatest

  • geopolitical catastrophe of the

  • century.

  • That's how he saw it.

  • >> NARRATOR: In the new Russia,

  • Putin had to reinvent himself.

  • The former KGB officer became a

  • political operative and a

  • bureaucratic fixer.

  • >> He's a master bureaucrat.

  • Russia has always been a

  • bureaucratic autocracy.

  • This is how, for example, Stalin

  • became the general secretary.

  • He was an amazing bureaucrat.

  • He out-bureaucrated all the

  • other bureaucrats.

  • And Putin does, too.

  • He is very good at the

  • bureaucracy of all of it.

  • >> NARRATOR: By the late '90s,

  • he even earned the confidence of

  • Boris Yeltsin.

  • They were an odd couple-- the

  • former spy and a progressive

  • politician who was trying to

  • bring democracy to Russia.

  • >> Boris Yeltsin decided to

  • break totalitarianism, to crush

  • what was left of Communism with

  • a simple idea, which is maximum

  • freedom first.

  • >> NARRATOR: Before long,

  • Yeltsin promoted him to lead the

  • KGB's successor, the FSB.

  • >> He undertakes this remarkable

  • rise, basically having nothing

  • to do with the center of power

  • in Moscow, to running its most

  • important security agency,

  • working in the Kremlin.

  • >> NARRATOR: Putin had convinced

  • Yeltsin that he shared the

  • president's democratic goals.

  • >> He's a professional liar.

  • To lie is what he was taught in

  • the intelligence school.

  • He was pretending that he was

  • going to pursue the same

  • development of Russia as Yeltsin

  • did.

  • But that's all is just one big

  • lie.

  • >> Another major shakeup in the

  • Kremlin-- Yeltsin fires his

  • entire cabinet again.

  • Who's in charge?

  • (man speaking Russian)

  • >> NARRATOR: Putin rose to

  • become Yeltsin's prime minister,

  • the second-most powerful man in

  • Russia.

  • >> A new prime minister,

  • Vladimir Putin, a man of little

  • political experience but a...

  • >> The biggest and the initial

  • reaction when people heard his

  • name being announced as acting

  • prime minister on the ninth of

  • August 1999, by President

  • Yeltsin, the first reaction

  • was, "Who is that?"

  • Most people had never heard of

  • this guy.

  • >> NARRATOR: But the perception

  • of Putin would begin to change

  • less than a month later.

  • >> Just a few weeks, really,

  • after he became prime minister,

  • we had a very suspicious slate

  • of apartment bombings across

  • Russia.

  • >> A bomb destroyed an apartment

  • building in Moscow and it does

  • appear...

  • >> NARRATOR: There were

  • suspicions about who set off the

  • bombs.

  • The government claimed it was

  • the work of separatists from the

  • Russian republic Chechnya.

  • >> Everybody's home asleep in

  • their beds.

  • And these large apartment blocks

  • just folded in on themselves,

  • burying these people alive or

  • dead, but burying everybody in

  • the building.

  • >> NARRATOR: For Putin, it was a

  • moment to show the Russian

  • people just who he was.

  • >> This prime minister that most

  • people don't even remember his

  • name, and suddenly he comes on

  • television.

  • He says, "We're going to hunt

  • down the terrorists.

  • And we're going to wipe them out

  • in the outhouse."

  • >> (translated): We'll be

  • chasing the terrorists

  • everywhere.

  • At the airports or in the

  • toilet.

  • We'll waste them in an outhouse.

  • End of story.

  • >> When the apartment bombings

  • happen, it gives him the excuse

  • he needs to finally go after

  • what has become a morass in

  • Chechnya and neighboring

  • Dagestan.

  • >> NARRATOR: Putin struck

  • Chechnya with incredible force.

  • (man speaking Russian)

  • >> (translated): This was his

  • decision.

  • He was angry.

  • And he wanted to punish the

  • separatists.

  • >> He is seen on TV as a doer, a

  • man of action.

  • He goes down there.

  • He's talking to the troops.

  • He is in command.

  • >> NARRATOR: As Putin suited up

  • for the cameras, his political

  • fortunes were on the rise.

  • And just a few months later,

  • he was inaugurated as Russia's

  • new president.

  • Putin's first promise to the

  • Russian people: strength.

  • >> (translated): The powers of

  • the head of state have been

  • turned over to me today.

  • >> NARRATOR: Putin's first

  • promise to the Russian people:

  • strength.

  • >> (translated): I assure you

  • that there will be no vacuum of

  • power, not for a minute.

  • >> NARRATOR: He moved quickly to

  • consolidate power.

  • One of his first targets:

  • television.

  • >> One of the first things he

  • did was to take control of

  • television, because more than

  • 90% of Russians got all their

  • news from television.

  • >> NARRATOR: During the Yeltsin

  • years, independent television

  • channels like NTV flourished...

  • (characters speaking Russian)

  • Even as they ridiculed political

  • figures.

  • >> NTV also has a comic show

  • called "Kukly," "Puppets," and

  • when Putin comes to rise in

  • public life, it features a Putin

  • puppet, as well.

  • And he's never portrayed very

  • flatteringly.

  • Putin apparently was driven to

  • madness by the show and by the

  • way he was portrayed on it, the

  • way he was mocked on it.

  • >> NARRATOR: NTV and its owner,

  • Vladimir Gusinsky, were among

  • the first to fall in the

  • crosshairs of Putin's

  • government.

  • >> He sent armed operatives from

  • the prosecutor general's service

  • and the tax police to raid the

  • offices of Media Most, the

  • parent company of NTV, which was

  • at that time the largest

  • independent media holding in

  • Russia.

  • >> Gusinsky is imprisoned.

  • And while he's in jail, one of

  • Putin's lieutenants comes to

  • visit him in jail and says, "You

  • know, you could get out this

  • mess if you sign over NTV."

  • Gusinsky eventually does that,

  • hands over NTV to a Kremlin-

  • friendly oligarch.

  • >> In doing that, Putin made

  • clear the broadcast media, which

  • is how most Russians get their

  • news, was no longer going to be

  • outsourced.

  • This was going to be a state-run

  • operation and it's remained that

  • way throughout Putin's term.

  • >> NARRATOR: He had seized

  • control of the media.

  • Now Putin turned his attention

  • to making Russia powerful again.

  • >> When Putin became president,

  • I think he did begin with the

  • notion that he could help

  • engineer the restoration of

  • Russia as a major power, as a

  • kind of partner of the United

  • States.

  • >> NARRATOR: Putin had had a

  • difficult relationship with

  • President Clinton, but now he

  • plotted a fresh strategy to win

  • over a new American president: a

  • Republican.

  • >> There was an attitude about

  • Republicans, rather than

  • Democrats, were better for

  • Russia.

  • Because they're not going to

  • lecture us about our internal

  • affairs.

  • And they're not going to meddle

  • as much as those pesky Democrats

  • who are always talking about

  • democracy and human rights and

  • things like that.

  • And so they're going to be

  • realists and that's good.

  • (man speaking Russian)

  • >> President George Bush has

  • called for a new approach...

  • >> NARRATOR: His first chance

  • came in Slovenia, as President

  • George W. Bush arrived for a

  • summit.

  • >> What does Putin do?

  • He studies George W. Bush.

  • He spends time thinking about

  • who this guy is, what motivates

  • him, what works him.

  • This is the old KGB officer

  • whose job it is to basically

  • turn people toward his

  • interests, and he plays it that

  • way.

  • >> NARRATOR: Putin decided to

  • focus on the president's strong

  • Christian beliefs.

  • >> President Putin told

  • President Bush about the time

  • his dacha burned down and a

  • religious medallion, which had

  • belonged to his mother, which

  • had gotten lost, and he thought

  • this was irretrievably gone, and

  • then a fireman brought him this

  • kind of almost like a holy

  • relic.

  • It was a very affecting,

  • emotional story and had some

  • effect on President Bush.

  • >> And he tells the story with

  • some relish and connects with

  • Bush, who's a very religious

  • Christian.

  • Now, whether Putin himself is

  • Christian or religious is, I

  • think, up to debate.

  • But he recognized as a political

  • actor that it was a way to make

  • a connection to a guy for whom

  • this would be very important.

  • >> NARRATOR: After their private

  • meeting, Bush and Putin faced

  • the press.

  • >> Question to President Bush,

  • is this a man that Americans can

  • trust?

  • >> NARRATOR: Putin's story about

  • his mother's cross seemed to

  • have had its desired effect.

  • >> I looked the man in the eye,

  • I found him to be very

  • straightforward.

  • I was able to get a sense of his

  • soul.

  • He's a man deeply committed to

  • his country and the best

  • interests of his country.

  • >> And Bush gives that line,

  • right, that "I looked into his

  • eyes and got a sense of his

  • soul."

  • And we go, "Uh-oh."

  • And Condi does her version of

  • not comfortable.

  • She just reacts, just for a

  • second.

  • >> I wouldn't have invited him

  • to my ranch if I didn't trust

  • him.

  • >> I asked Rice about it

  • recently.

  • She claims it was not so much a

  • gasp as an inward-looking,

  • "Ugh."

  • These are smart people and they

  • understood this was a comment

  • that would be wrapped around

  • Bush's neck, as it was for as

  • long as he was president.

  • >> NARRATOR: It looked like

  • Putin had won over the American

  • president and gained his

  • respect.

  • But then...

  • >> That looks like a second

  • plane.

  • >> That just exploded.

  • >> We just saw another plane...

  • >> This is a live picture we are

  • seeing.

  • >> NARRATOR: Bush's presidency

  • was transformed on September

  • 11, 2001.

  • >> I can hear you, the rest of

  • the world hears you, and the

  • people who knocked these

  • buildings down will hear all of

  • us soon.

  • (cheers and applause)

  • >> NARRATOR: To Putin, at first

  • it seemed like an opportunity.

  • >> He is the very first foreign

  • leader to reach George W. Bush

  • on September 11 and to

  • empathize with him-- not

  • commiserate, but empathize with

  • him, that, "You are finally

  • feeling the scourge of terrorism

  • that we've been feeling forever.

  • Let's work together on this."

  • >> NARRATOR: But Bush would go

  • his own way, countering the

  • terrorist threat with an effort

  • to spread democracy.

  • >> It is both our responsibility

  • and our privilege to fight

  • freedom's fight.

  • (applause)

  • >> NARRATOR: The test case:

  • Iraq.

  • >> Vladimir Putin watched as an

  • American president with whom he

  • had some sort of fragile rapport

  • embarked on a foreign policy

  • adventure that the United States

  • had not done in decades.

  • And we turned it against a

  • single man, Saddam Hussein.

  • >> Tomahawk missiles targeting

  • senior Iraqi leaders and

  • possibly Saddam Hussein himself.

  • >> "Shock and awe" is the phrase

  • of the moment, a reference to

  • the Pentagon's much-debated

  • attempt...

  • >> ..."shock and awe" to

  • describe the sweeping assault on

  • Iraq.

  • >> Putin resents the kind of

  • promiscuous use of American

  • military force abroad.

  • As a Russian leader, and

  • particularly a Cold Warrior and

  • former K.G.B. man, you just

  • inherently don't like seeing the

  • U.S. military in action.

  • >> NARRATOR: Regime change at

  • the hands of the Americans.

  • As statues fell, echoes of the

  • final days of the Soviet Union.

  • >> The tyrant has fallen and

  • Iraq is free.

  • Everywhere that freedom arrives,

  • humanity rejoices.

  • And everywhere that freedom

  • stirs, let tyrants fear.

  • >> And Putin knows what this

  • means for him.

  • It means that at some point,

  • it's going to be his turn.

  • That regime change is going to

  • come for him, too.

  • And this becomes the driving

  • fear of the Putin regime.

  • >> Vladimir Putin concluded that

  • the United States, when

  • possible, would use its power

  • and leverage to depose leaders

  • that it did not agree with.

  • And from Vladimir Putin's

  • perspective, that was an

  • existential threat.

  • (man speaking Russian)

  • >> NARRATOR: Back in Russia,

  • Vladimir Putin tried to use the

  • perceived threat from America to

  • his political advantage.

  • >> For Putin, the sense of

  • America as an enemy or an

  • adversary was not only, I think,

  • the way he views the world, but

  • he uses it as a very potent tool

  • at home, where he can say, "I'm

  • the only person willing to stand

  • up to the United States."

  • And that's a very powerful

  • message for Russians.

  • >> NARRATOR: It was a message

  • Putin used during a tragedy that

  • began in the small town of

  • Beslan.

  • >> Men and women wearing

  • explosive belts attacked a

  • school in Beslan.

  • >> This is definitely the worst

  • hostage tragedy that Russia has

  • ever seen.

  • >> NARRATOR: It was the first

  • day of school.

  • >> If you could imagine an even

  • more shocking terrorist attack

  • than the several large apartment

  • bombings that killed people in

  • their sleep, that was Beslan.

  • >> NARRATOR: As the students

  • entered their school, the

  • terrorists took them hostage,

  • rigging the school with

  • explosives.

  • >> The school that's normally

  • meant to only hold a few hundred

  • people is holding hundreds and

  • hundreds of people.

  • It's children-- and it's little

  • children, too.

  • And their moms and dads and

  • their older brothers.

  • >> NARRATOR: Putin was in a

  • trap.

  • The rebels demanded he withdraw

  • his troops from Chechnya or the

  • children would die.

  • (man speaking Russian)

  • >> (translated): And the plan

  • was that Putin would either

  • capitulate or he would lose his

  • image, his reputation.

  • This was a serious crisis.

  • This was a really serious

  • crisis.

  • >> NARRATOR: Putin acted and

  • ordered his army in.

  • Tanks and troops encircled the

  • school, and then on the third

  • day, an explosion...

  • (loud explosion)

  • (sirens blaring)

  • ...and chaos.

  • (explosions)

  • (shouting)

  • >> The army shelled the school

  • at point-blank range.

  • They fired at it from tanks.

  • >> NARRATOR: Putin's troops were

  • armed with rockets, grenade

  • launchers, and flame throwers.

  • >> A lot of the children who

  • burned alive, burned alive

  • because of a fire that raged.

  • >> It turns into this debacle,

  • and the end result is corpses of

  • little children stacked like

  • firewood.

  • >> More than 320 people were

  • killed, half of them children,

  • in the tragedy in the town of

  • Beslan in North Ossetia.

  • (man speaking Russian)

  • >> NARRATOR: Outrage at Putin

  • over the tragedy was growing

  • inside of Russia.

  • But when he finally spoke about

  • it, he blamed the United States,

  • who he had long accused of

  • supporting the Chechen

  • rebellion.

  • >> (translated): We demonstrated

  • weakness, and weak people are

  • beaten.

  • (speaking Russian)

  • >> (translated): He said there

  • are forces in the world which

  • want to destroy Russia.

  • He believes that the West played

  • its role in two Chechen wars,

  • and that the West played its

  • role in supporting terrorism.

  • (speaking Russian)

  • >> (translated): Some want to

  • tear off a juicy piece of our

  • country.

  • Others help them to do it.

  • >> Well, the only country that

  • he could have had in mind,

  • although he didn't say it

  • directly, was the United States.

  • >> ...even a week after the

  • bloody ending of the Beslan...

  • >> NARRATOR: Putin used that

  • threat to justify forcefully

  • expanding his own power and

  • control.

  • >> ...he's demanded a radical

  • shakeup of security and greater

  • powers for the Kremlin...

  • >> NARRATOR: He cancelled

  • elections throughout the

  • country.

  • >> ...a stark message to

  • governors and leaders of

  • Russia's...

  • >> NARRATOR: And new rules

  • forced out the most outspoken

  • members of the parliament.

  • >> And it was a cynical move,

  • but at the same time it also

  • expresses, the way to respond to

  • extreme violence and to extreme

  • disorder is to create more

  • dictatorial powers.

  • >> He's demanded a radical

  • shakeup of security and greater

  • powers.

  • >> NARRATOR: Now it was clear.

  • Putin had taken Russia on a very

  • different course.

  • (man speaking Russian)

  • >> (translated): After Beslan,

  • the Kremlin had full power.

  • The government did not matter

  • much any longer.

  • (speaking Russian)

  • This Kremlin, the power these

  • days is always in singular.

  • It doesn't matter where it is.

  • It belongs to the president.

  • It comes from the president,

  • flows out of the president.

  • >> NARRATOR: And in his own

  • backyard, Putin was seeing a

  • growing threat-- popular

  • revolutions in three former

  • Soviet republics...

  • (people chanting, reporter

  • speaking Russian)

  • ...challenging Moscow's

  • influence.

  • (reporter speaking Russian)

  • >> People in the streets is a

  • really frightening sight to

  • Putin.

  • People in the streets can make

  • all sorts of things happen.

  • >> NARRATOR: They were called

  • the color revolutions, and again

  • Putin feared America was trying

  • to export democracy.

  • >> Putin concluded that these

  • were efforts by the United

  • States and our intelligence

  • services to, in fact, install in

  • these neighboring countries

  • regimes that would be

  • anti-Russian.

  • >> Because you acted, Georgia is

  • today both sovereign and free,

  • and a beacon of liberty for this

  • region and the world.

  • >> Putin is convinced that

  • people don't just come out into

  • the streets.

  • They have to be driven by

  • somebody.

  • There has to be a puppet master.

  • Somebody's funding them, and

  • it's probably the United States.

  • >> Americans respect your

  • courageous choice for liberty.

  • The American people will stand

  • with you.

  • >> NARRATOR: Georgia, Ukraine,

  • and Kyrgyzstan-- Putin feared

  • Russia was next.

  • >> I think this makes him sit up

  • and pay attention.

  • Could that happen to me?

  • And if it does, not only do I

  • lose a job that I like, what

  • else do I lose?

  • Do I lose my freedom?

  • Do I lose my life?

  • (cheering)

  • >> He freaks out.

  • He's terrified.

  • It's one thing to go after the

  • leader of Iraq, which is in the

  • Middle East.

  • But it's another to go into the

  • former Soviet republics.

  • (crowd cheering)

  • >> Putin thought we were the

  • puppet masters.

  • Like, man, we are not that good.

  • I even told Russian television

  • once, when they were accusing me

  • personally of being the grey

  • cardinal, "Are you kidding me?"

  • But they really thought we were

  • doing it.

  • >> NARRATOR: The fall of the

  • Soviet Union, Iraq, the color

  • revolutions, NATO expansion,

  • what the Bush administration was

  • callingthe freedom agenda"--

  • Vladimir Putin had seen enough.

  • >> Russian President Vladimir

  • Putin is speaking at an

  • international conference...

  • >> NARRATOR: In February 2007,

  • Putin decided it was time to

  • make a stand.

  • He traveled to Munich, Germany,

  • to speak directly to Western

  • leaders.

  • (reporter speaking German)

  • >> And so he comes to the

  • security conference in Munich

  • and says, basically, "I don't

  • have to mince words, do I?

  • I can say what's on my mind."

  • And then he, he just lashes out,

  • and he lists all these

  • resentments.

  • (speaking Russian)

  • >> (translated): First and

  • foremost, the United States has

  • overstepped its national borders

  • in the economic, political, and

  • humanitarian spheres it imposes

  • on other nations.

  • Well, who would like this?

  • Who would like this?

  • >> My head snapped.

  • It was so searing and blunt, and

  • I, I felt, this was the real

  • guy.

  • (speaking Russian)

  • >> (translated): This is, of

  • course, extremely dangerous.

  • It results in the fact that no

  • one feels safe.

  • I want to emphasize this-- no

  • one feels safe.

  • >> Americans were pissed,

  • frantic, angry.

  • >> I was four rows back, and you

  • could almost feel the humidity

  • from the spittle that was

  • spewing.

  • Yeah, it was, it was pretty

  • shocking because it was pretty

  • aggressive.

  • >> Putin echoed Cold War

  • rhetoric by accusing the U.S. of

  • making the world unsafe.

  • >> Premier Vladimir Putin left

  • no doubt who he sees is

  • responsible for the current

  • world crisis.

  • >> NARRATOR: The speech was a

  • turning point.

  • >> Putin clearly in this speech

  • was drawing a line and saying,

  • "We're not going to try anymore.

  • We're just giving up on you.

  • And we're going to make our own

  • world in which we are the

  • master."

  • >> It's one of Putin's harshest

  • attacks on Americans...

  • >> NARRATOR: By the end of

  • George W. Bush's presidency, the

  • relationship with Putin seemed

  • broken.

  • >> I remember the president

  • saying, "You know, I don't know

  • how, but we've lost him."

  • Putin was going in a different

  • direction. and there was little

  • that the administration, in

  • President Bush's mind, could do

  • to put Putin back on that

  • course.

  • >> President Putin's comments

  • today were quite provocative.

  • >> NARRATOR: Soon Putin would

  • have a new American president to

  • deal with.

  • (man speaking Russian)

  • >> Mr. Obama's first full day as

  • president was a busy one...

  • >> NARRATOR: In 2009, Barack

  • Obama arrived in Washington.

  • >> President Obama meets with

  • his national security staff.

  • >> NARRATOR: He came with the

  • hope he could change relations

  • with Russia.

  • >> Barack Obama won't have much

  • time to savor victory.

  • >> Obama came in and thought,

  • "Well, this is another

  • relationship that was probably a

  • victim of, of, you know, the

  • neoconservative foreign policy.

  • So let's take a look at it, and

  • let's repair it."

  • >> Each American administration

  • has come to office thinking that

  • it had to, and it could build a

  • constructive relationship with

  • the Russians.

  • >> This is, as Obama famously

  • said, "Pressing the reset

  • button."

  • >> And the Obama administration

  • comes in and does that.

  • >> Now Mr. Obama wants to make

  • Clinton the face of his foreign

  • policy.

  • >> NARRATOR: Obama entrusted the

  • job of building the reset to his

  • secretary of state, Hillary

  • Clinton.

  • >> ...meeting between Hillary

  • Clinton and the Russian foreign

  • minister, Lavrov.

  • >> Secretary Clinton met with

  • Foreign Minster Sergey Lavrov of

  • Russia in Geneva.

  • And the goal of that meeting was

  • actually to establish this thing

  • called "the reset."

  • >> I wanted to present you with

  • a little gift, which represents

  • what President Obama, and Vice

  • President Biden and I have been

  • saying.

  • And that is, we want to reset

  • our relationship, and...

  • >> Let's do it, let's do it

  • together...

  • >> So we will do it together.

  • >> One of her staff members had

  • the idea to actually memorialize

  • the reset with a physical

  • handing-over of a reset button.

  • >> Yeah, it's this, it's this

  • plastic button that says,

  • "Reset," and it was just, it was

  • kind of a gag gift, but it was

  • also symbolic of what Hillary

  • Clinton's trying to do.

  • >> We worked hard to get the

  • right Russian word...

  • >> Foreign Minister Lavrov

  • looked at it and said, "That

  • doesn't say, 'Reset,' that says,

  • 'Overcharge'."

  • >> You think we got it?

  • >> You got it wrong.

  • >> I got it wrong.

  • >> So, misspelled...

  • That might have been prophetic.

  • My Russian's a little rusty,

  • and I trusted somebody else-- I

  • won't say who.

  • >> It should be "perezagruzka,"

  • and this says, "Peregruzka,"

  • which means overcharged.

  • (laughter)

  • >> Well, we won't let you do

  • that to us, I promise.

  • >> Okay, thank you very much.

  • >> Thank you so much.

  • >> Very kind of you.

  • It'll be on my desk.

  • >> Well, we mean it...

  • >> Headed to Russia, President

  • Obama has a big meeting ahead.

  • >> Shadows of the Cold War will

  • loom over his summit meeting in

  • Moscow...

  • >> NARRATOR: Just a few months

  • later, Barack Obama himself

  • traveled to Moscow to meet with

  • Vladimir Putin.

  • (cameras clicking)

  • >> I remember their first

  • meeting in July of 2009 at

  • Putin's dacha, you know, just

  • outside Moscow.

  • They're much different

  • personalities.

  • President Obama's initial

  • question, about ten seconds, led

  • to a 45-minute, you know,

  • monologue by Putin.

  • >> (speaking Russian)

  • >> You end up having to endure a

  • bit of a history lecture.

  • Deal with the-- what we used to

  • call "the airing of grievances"

  • at the beginning of every

  • meeting.

  • >> That tells Obama everything

  • he needs to know about Putin.

  • That this is somebody who is, in

  • his mind, locked in the past,

  • who is-- who is nursing

  • resentment, and who is going to

  • never be a full partner of the

  • United States.

  • >> NARRATOR: In the years that

  • followed, Vladimir Putin would

  • come to believe that Barack

  • Obama was a threat just like the

  • other American presidents.

  • >> We've been tracking this very

  • serious development in the Arab

  • world for the United States.

  • >> Demonstrations broke out in

  • the cities of...

  • (crowd chanting)

  • >> NARRATOR: Putin saw proof in

  • the Middle East: Tunisia, Syria,

  • Egypt, the Arab Spring.

  • >> Vladimir Putin looks at

  • what's happening in the Arab

  • world, and he sees it as Dresden

  • all over again.

  • He sees it as the American

  • meddling in other countries'

  • affairs to the detriment of

  • Mother Russia.

  • >> The sound of freedom.

  • >> President Hosni Mubarak has

  • stepped down.

  • >> NARRATOR: One of the first to

  • fall: Egyptian President Hosni

  • Mubarak.

  • >> I think that particularly for

  • Putin, what happened in Egypt

  • was something that really went

  • right to his heart.

  • >> NARRATOR: Especially after

  • the president of the United

  • States weighed in.

  • >> The United States will

  • continue to stand up for

  • democracy in Egypt and around

  • the world.

  • >> They'd like to spread

  • "American-style democracy,"

  • supported with the help of money

  • from abroad, with the help of

  • intelligence service, with the

  • help of diplomatic service.

  • And even in some cases, with the

  • help of Pentagon.

  • >> Putin was personalizing the

  • Arab Spring.

  • That he was seeing it through

  • the prism of what could possibly

  • happen to him in Russia.

  • This had a distorting effect on

  • Putin's perception about what

  • the United States was up to.

  • >> ...the political mutiny that

  • began in Tunisia, spread to

  • Egypt and beyond, and has

  • reached Libya.

  • >> NARRATOR: The Arab Spring

  • conflict came to a head in

  • Libya.

  • It was there that Secretary of

  • State Clinton took the lead.

  • She built an international

  • coalition to take on Putin's

  • ally, the Libyan dictator,

  • Muammar Gaddafi.

  • >> Gaddafi must go, and the

  • Libyan people deserve to

  • determine their own future.

  • (shouting in foreign language)

  • >> NARRATOR: Rebel forces

  • captured Gaddafi and dragged him

  • from his hiding place.

  • (shouting in foreign language)

  • As Gaddafi was being captured,

  • Clinton happened to be in front

  • of the cameras.

  • >> Wow.

  • Huh.

  • Unconfirmed.

  • Yeah, unconfirmed.

  • No.

  • >> What happened?

  • >> Unconfirmed reports about

  • Gaddafi being captured.

  • >> She found out about this as

  • she was doing a television

  • interview.

  • >> NARRATOR: The moments around

  • Gaddafi's death were also caught

  • on camera.

  • (shouting in foreign language)

  • >> Her response was...

  • >> We came, we saw, he died.

  • (laughter)

  • >> Did it have anything to do

  • with your visit?

  • >> No.

  • Oh, I'm sure it didn't.

  • >> It was a moment of success

  • and gratification for her.

  • It tells you just how invested

  • she was in the Libya mission and

  • what she believed was going to

  • be a great success for herself

  • and for the United States.

  • >> Vladimir Putin talked about

  • the fall of Libya over and over

  • again.

  • He would talk about the scene of

  • Muammar Gaddafi, the Great Lion

  • of Libya, reduced to a man

  • hiding in a drainage pipe,

  • cowering with his own gun in his

  • hand, where he was dragged out

  • by his people and was killed.

  • >> Putin watches that tape over

  • and over and over again.

  • It's all he can talk about for

  • quite some time.

  • >> NARRATOR: Vladimir Putin was

  • determined Gaddafi's fate would

  • not be his own.

  • (man speaking Russian)

  • (crowd cheering)

  • >> Tens of thousands came out on

  • the streets to tell Prime

  • Minister Vladimir Putin they'd

  • had enough.

  • >> NARRATOR: By late 2011,

  • protests were breaking out in

  • Moscow, just outside the

  • Kremlin.

  • >> More than 100,000 people came

  • out to say, "No, enough.

  • We are fed up with this."

  • This was the largest

  • demonstration held in Russia, in

  • Moscow, since the democratic

  • revolution of August 1991.

  • >> NARRATOR: The protests had

  • been sparked by claims that

  • Putin's party had rigged the

  • parliamentary election.

  • Allegations of fraud captured

  • for the first time on cell phone

  • videos.

  • >> (translated): They took their

  • smart phones.

  • And they recorded everything.

  • And they immediately uploaded

  • that on the internet.

  • And the whole country could see

  • it.

  • So the social networks have

  • played a huge role in those

  • protests.

  • >> NARRATOR: They saw ballot

  • boxes being stuffed even before

  • the polls opened.

  • >> Ballot-stuffing-- suddenly

  • people saw this evidence with

  • their own eyes.

  • And there was no explaining it

  • away.

  • >> NARRATOR: Ballots hidden in

  • the bathroom.

  • Campaign officials fillings out

  • ballots.

  • The pens at one polling place

  • filled with erasable ink.

  • >> The Russian people reacted to

  • that by going out into the

  • streets with signs that said

  • literally, "President Putin must

  • go."

  • (crowd chanting in Russian)

  • >> NARRATOR: Once again, Putin

  • saw something else.

  • >> What Putin sees is, here is

  • American regime change coming

  • for him, finally.

  • He knew that the Americans would

  • eventually come for him.

  • That they would try to oust him.

  • >> He was thrown by the

  • protests, he was taken aback by

  • the passion of the opposition,

  • and had to look for a place to

  • point the finger.

  • He pointed it at us.

  • >> NARRATOR: In particular,

  • Putin singled out Hillary

  • Clinton.

  • >> And we do have serious

  • concerns about the conduct of

  • the election.

  • >> NARRATOR: Clinton's

  • statements on the election were

  • spreading on the internet.

  • >> You know, the Russian people

  • deserve the right to have their

  • voices heard and their votes

  • counted.

  • >> He finds it incredibly

  • provocative that Hillary Clinton

  • feels the need to chime in at

  • this moment of weakness, that

  • it's a kind of kick in the gut

  • when he's weak.

  • For which he may never have

  • forgiven her.

  • >> NARRATOR: And in the Kremlin,

  • they believed it was a message

  • directed to the protesters.

  • >> It was the first signal from

  • the State Department that

  • they're really very serious in

  • their attempts to interfere in

  • our internal political life.

  • >> NARRATOR: Putin claimed that

  • behind the scenes, Clinton was

  • going even further.

  • >> He said it was Secretary of

  • State Hillary Clinton, who

  • provided funds and means to the

  • Russian opposition, and made

  • them to get out of the-- on the

  • streets.

  • >> NARRATOR: The State

  • Department said they were simply

  • promoting democracy, not trying

  • to steer the outcome.

  • But to Putin, Clinton had

  • crossed the line, threatening

  • his hold on power.

  • >> There's no question he's

  • looking at revenge at Hillary

  • Clinton.

  • There's no question that he sees

  • Hillary Clinton as an adversary.

  • And he wanted to like, you know,

  • he wanted to get her back.

  • >> NARRATOR: But first, Putin

  • decided to settle some scores

  • inside Russia.

  • He ordered a crackdown on

  • protesters and dissidents.

  • (man speaking Russian)

  • >> (translated): They started

  • enacting searches, arrests,

  • detentions, actions against

  • opposition leaders, persecution

  • in the mass media.

  • And they launched individual

  • persecution that applied to tens

  • of hundreds, maybe thousands of

  • people in the country.

  • (man shouting in Russian)

  • >> This was a clear message that

  • it's over.

  • You've had your fun.

  • It's done.

  • It's over.

  • The election's over.

  • I'm the president.

  • You are not toppling me.

  • I am the law.

  • >> Bad things often happen to

  • opponents...

  • >> He was forced into exile in

  • England after...

  • >> NARRATOR: Many of Putin's

  • opponents inside Russia fled the

  • country.

  • Others had died mysterious

  • deaths.

  • >> Vladimir Putin's top opponent

  • saying, "I am scared that Putin

  • will kill me."

  • >> Death of a former Vladimir

  • Putin aide...

  • >> NARRATOR: One, who nearly

  • died twice from poisoning, was

  • Vladimir Kara-Murza.

  • >> ...Kremlin, so very close to

  • Vladimir Putin's office...

  • >> There's been a very high

  • mortality rate in the last

  • several years among the people

  • who have crossed the path of

  • Vladimir Putin's Kremlin--

  • independent journalists,

  • anti-corruption campaigners,

  • opposition activists, opposition

  • leaders.

  • Many people have died.

  • Some in strange and unexplained

  • deaths, others in just straight-

  • out assassinations.

  • >> NARRATOR: He had secured his

  • power at home, and now would

  • deal with the threat from

  • America.

  • >> For the Russians and for

  • Putin now, they're engaged in

  • an existential struggle with the

  • United States.

  • This is, to the Russians' mind,

  • and to Putin's mind, about

  • defending the survival, not

  • simply of Putin, but of the

  • Russian state and the Russian

  • people.

  • (men cheering)

  • (applause)

  • (anthem starts)

  • >> ♪ Rossia svyashchennaya

  • >> NARRATOR: Soon, Putin's

  • Russia would have the capacity

  • to strike at the heart of

  • American democracy.

  • >> (speaking Russian)

  • (cheers and applause)

  • >> ♪ Slavsya, strana

  • My gordimsya toboi! ♪

  • ♪ ♪

  • >> Go to pbs.org/frontline to

  • explore the "Putin Files," part

  • of "Frontline's" transparency

  • project.

  • Our extensive interviews with

  • diplomats...

  • >> Engineer the restoration of

  • Russia as a major power.

  • >> Intelligence officials...

  • >> Been tantamount to-to war.

  • >> And others.

  • Then visit our watch page,

  • where you can stream more than

  • 200 "Frontline" documentaries.

  • Connect to the "Frontline"

  • community on Facebook and

  • Twitter, then sign up for our

  • newsletter at pbs.org/frontline.

  • Frontline's "Putin's Revenge" is

  • available on DVD.

  • To order, visit shopPBS.org

  • or call 1-800-PLAY-PBS.

  • "Frontline" is also available

  • for download on iTunes.

>> There's this grievance that's

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